Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Natural Resources refer to material resources that could be obtained from the nature by human
being and used for production and living. Natural resources in general can be
classified as renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable
resources refer to resources that could be renewed and recycled during a
relatively short period of time, including land resource, water resource,
climate resource, biology resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources
include resources that could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal
resource.
Cultivated Land refers to land mainly for the regular
cultivation of farm crops (including vegetables), with some fruit trees,
mulberry trees and others, covers cultivated land, newly-developed land,
reclaimed land, consolidated land, fallow, beach land that can guarantee one
harvest per year on average. It also covers fixed ditch, canal, road and sill
(ridge) with width less than 1 meter in the South and 2 meters in the North,
lands planted temporarily with herbs, grass, flowers and nursery stocks, and
other cultivated land with temporary change of use.
Garden Land refers to land for intensive cultivation
of perennial woody plants and herbs to collect fruits, leaves, roots, stems and
juice, with a covering rate over 50% and plant number per mu
over 70% of rational plant number. Land for nursery is included.
Forestland refers to land
for planting arbor, bamboo, bush shrub and land in coastal zones for planting
mangrove. It includes slash, but not the green belts in residential area,
forests requested for railway and highway, and the dike protection forest
around rivers and ditches.
Pastureland
refers to land mainly for the growth of herbs.
Mineral Resources refer to useful minerals, with solid state, liquid state, gaseity,
due to the geological process. Minerals are important natural resources, and
important material base for social development. At present, there are more than
170 types of minerals discovered in
Ensured Mineral Reserves refer to the actual mineral reserves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves
(including industrial reserves and prospective reserves) minus extracted parts
and underground losses.
Average Temperature refers to the air temperature.
Monthly average temperature is the
summation of average daily temperature of one month divided by the actual days
of that particular month.
Annual average temperature is the
summation of monthly average of a year divided by 12 months.
Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid state or solid state (thawed) water falling from
the sky to the ground that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The
calculation method is as follows:
Monthly precipitation is the
summation of daily precipitation of a month.
Annual precipitation is the
summation of 12 months precipitation of a year.
Annual Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours of sun irradiating the earth, usually expressed in
hours. The calculation method is the same as that of the precipitation.
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of surface water and groundwater and is measured as
run-off for surface water and replenishment of groundwater with rainfall in
local area.
Surface Water Resources refers to total
volume of year by year renewable dynamic resources which exist in rivers,
lakes, glaciers and other surface water and are the natural run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to total
volume of year by year renewable dynamic resources which exist in saturation acquifers of groundwater and are measured as replenishment
of groundwater with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement between Surface Water and Groundwater
refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of
rivers includes some depletion into groundwater while groundwater includes some
replenishment from surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water of various sources supplied to consumers, including losses
during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to
withdrawals by surface water supply system, broken down with storage, flow,
pumping and transfer. Supply from storage projects includes withdrawals from
reservoirs; supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with
natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects
includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply
from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from first-level regions of
water resources or independent river drainage areas to others, and should not
be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to
withdrawals from supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater,
deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban
areas includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply Sources include supplies by
waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water
projects.
Water Use refers to gross water used by various water users, including losses during
distribution.
Water Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by irrigation of farming fields, forestry and orchards,
irrigation of grassland, replenishment of fishing farms and water used by
animal husbandry.
Water Use by Industry refers to new
withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption includes use of
water for living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by
living consumption is composed of household use and public use (including tertiary industry and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes water used by
households.
Water Use by Ecological and Environmental Protection includes replenishment of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers to the industrial solid wastes
that are not listed in the 《National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes》, or not regarded as hazardous according to the national hazardous waste
identification standards (GB5085), solid waste-Extraction procedure for
leaching toxicity (GB5086) and solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching
toxicity (GB/T 15555). The calculation formula is as followed:
Common Industrial Solid Wastes
Produced = (common industrial solid wastes utilized – the proportion of
utilized stock of previous years) + common industrial solid waste stock +
(common industrial solid wastes disposed – the proportion of disposed stock of
previous years) + common industrial solid wastes discharged.
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Comprehensively Utilized refers to volume of solid wastes from which useful materials can be extracted or
which can be converted into usable resources, energy or other materials by
means of reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing
in the year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the previous year) during
the report period, e.g. being used as agricultural fertilizers, building
materials or as material for paving road. Examples of such utilizations include
fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information shall be
collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of industrial
solid wastes which are burnt or specially disposed using other methods to alter
the physical, chemical and biological properties and thus to reduce or
eliminate the hazard, or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the
requirements for environmental protection during the report period.
Stock of Common Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special
sites by enterprises for purposes of utilization or disposal during the report
period. The sites or facilities should take measures against dispersion, loss,
seepage, and air and water contamination.
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers to the volume of industrial solid wastes dumped or discharged by producing
enterprises to disposal facilities or to other sites.
Consumption Wastes Transported refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal
factories or sites during the reference period. Consumption wastes are solid
wastes produced from urban households or from service activities for urban
households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and regulations as urban
consumption wastes, including those from households, commercial activities,
markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices, schools, factories, mining
units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics,
as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is
replaced with that transported. It is calculated as:
Forest Area refers
to the area of trees and bamboo grow with a canopy density above 0.2 degree,
the area of shrubby tree according to regulations of the government, the area
of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees planted by the side of
villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers.
Area of Man-made Forests refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by
airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of
trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of 0.20 degree or above after 3-5 years of manual planting or
5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of trees
growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest, scattered
trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads
and rivers.
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of wood growing in forest area, which shows the
total size and level of forest resources of a country or a region.
Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland
and “grain for green” land, on which acres of forests, trees and shrubs are
planted through manual planting.
Manual Planting refers to
technical measures of sowing, planting seedlings and divided transplanting on
land suitable for afforestation, including barren
hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland and “grain for green” land to
increase vegetation coverage rate of forests.
No-stocked Land and Sparse Forest Land Newly Closed for Afforestation
This Year refers to the area of sparse forest land, brush shrub land, stump land, burned
land, barren hills, barren land, sand dunes where trees can naturally grow or
sprout, which are demarcated, closed down and returned to forest, shrubbery and
grass land with the assistance of special measures by men.
Timber Forests refer to forests
which are mainly for the production of timber, including bamboo groves planted
to harvest bamboos.
By-product Forests refer to
forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw
materials and medicine materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the
fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw
materials for the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes,
mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to
forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or preservation
purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and soil
conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture
protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection forests,
etc.
Fuel Forests refer to
forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose refer to
forests planted mainly for national defence,
environment protection or scientific experiments, including national defence forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests,
environment protection forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic
spots, forests in natural reserves.
Projects on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in
China with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the
problem of sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern
China and the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include
phase IV of Project on North China protection forests, phase II of Project on
protection forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake
valley, phase II of Project on coastal protection forests, phase II of Project
on Pearl River protection forests, phase II Project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II Projects on greenery of
plains.
Wetlands refer to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or
man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered areas, whether stagnant or
flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water that is less than 6 meters
deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove,
river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty
bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Natural Reserves refer to number
of certain areas of land, or waters that have been set aside and put under
special protection and management in order to protect natural environment and
natural resources, and promote the sustainable development of national economy.
They are subject to formal approval from governments of various levels.
According to the protected targets, natural reserves can be divided into three
categories: reserves of natural ecological system, natural reserves of wildlife
species, and natural heritage of historical significance.Scenic
spots and cultural preservation zones are not included.
Number of Forest Fires refers to the number of fires in forests, woods and woodland outside of the
downtown areas of cities. In light of the area plagued by fires and the number
of casualties, forest fires can be categorized into usual forest fires,
relatively larger fires, serious forest fires and extraordinary serous forest
fires: 1). Usual forest fires: the destructed forest area is less than 1
hectare, or the fire erupts in other woodland, or the number of deaths is no
less than 1 but less than 3, or the number of seriously injured persons is no
less than 1 but less than 10 persons. 2). Relatively larger forest fires: the
destructed forest area is no less than 1 hectare but less than 100 hectares, or
the number of deaths is no less than 3 but less than 10, or the number of
seriously injured persons is no less than 10 but less than 50 persons. 3).
Serious forest fires: the destructed forest area is no less than 100 hectares
but less than 1000 hectares, or the number of deaths is no less than 10 but
less than 30, or the number of seriously injured persons is no less than 50 but
u less than 100 persons. 4). Extraordinary serious forest fires: the destructed
forest area is no less than 1000 hectares, or the number of deaths is no less
than 30, or the number of seriously injured persons is no less than 100
persons.
Forest Diseases, Pest and Rat Plagues refers to the diseases, pests and rats that plague forests, woods, seedlings and
timbers, and bamboos. Forest diseases refer to the plague of fungi, bacteria,
virus, parasitic seed plants and nematode suffered by wood organism, which will
cause pathologic changes in trees in terms of physiology function, cells,
texture and shape.
Number of Earthquakes the number of earthquakes of all magnitude that cause damages (including
casualties or economic losses).