Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Natural
Resources refer to material resources that could be obtained from the nature by
human being and used for production and living. Natural resources in general
can be classified as renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable
resources refer to resources that could be renewed and recycled during a
relatively short period of time, including land resource, water resource,
climate resource, biology resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources
include resources that could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal
resource.
Cultivated
Land
refers to land mainly for the regular cultivation of farm crops
(including vegetables), with some fruit trees, mulberry trees and others,
covers cultivated land, newly-developed land, reclaimed land, consolidated
land, fallow, beach land that can guarantee one harvest per year on average. It
also covers fixed ditch, canal, road and sill (ridge) with width less than 1
meter in the South and 2 meters in the North, lands planted temporarily with
herbs, grass, flowers and nursery stocks, and other cultivated land with
temporary change of use.
Garden
Land
refers to land for intensive cultivation of perennial woody plants and
herbs to collect fruits, leaves, roots, stems and juice, with a covering rate
over 50% and plant number per mu over 70% of rational
plant number. Land for nursery is included.
Forestland refers to
land for planting arbor, bamboo, bush shrub and land in coastal zones for
planting mangrove. It includes slash, but not the green belts in residential
area, forests requested for railway and highway, and the dike protection forest
around rivers and ditches.
Pastureland refers to
land mainly for the growth of herbs.
Mineral
Resources refer to useful minerals, with solid state, liquid state, gaseity, due to the geological process. Minerals are
important natural resources, and important material base for social
development. At present, there are more than 170 types of minerals discovered
in
Ensured
Mineral Reserves refer to the actual mineral reserves, which equal to the proven mineral
reserves (including industrial reserves and prospective reserves) minus
extracted parts and underground losses.
Average
Temperature refers to the air temperature.
Monthly average temperature is the summation
of average daily temperature of one month divided by the actual days of that
particular month.
Annual average temperature is the summation
of monthly average of a year divided by 12 months.
Volume
of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid state or solid state (thawed) water
falling from the sky to the ground that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or
run off. The calculation method is as follows:
Monthly precipitation is the summation of
daily precipitation of a month.
Annual precipitation is the summation of 12
months precipitation of a year.
Annual
Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours of sun irradiating the earth, usually expressed
in hours. The calculation method is the same as that of the precipitation.
Total
Water Resources refers to total volume of surface water and groundwater and is measured as
run-off for surface water and replenishment of groundwater with rainfall in
local area.
Surface
Water Resources refers to total volume of year by year renewable dynamic resources which
exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other surface water and are the natural
run-off of rivers.
Groundwater
Resources refers to total volume of year by year renewable dynamic resources which
exist in saturation acquifers of groundwater and are
measured as replenishment of groundwater with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated
Measurement between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e.
run-off of rivers includes some depletion into groundwater while groundwater
includes some replenishment from surface water.
Water
Supply refers to gross water of various sources supplied to consumers, including
losses during distribution.
Surface
Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water supply system, broken down with
storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from storage projects includes
withdrawals from reservoirs; supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers
and lakes with natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from
pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping
stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from
first-level regions of water resources or independent river drainage areas to
others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater
Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer
freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater
supply for urban areas includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells
of enterprises.
Other
Water Supply Sources include supplies by waste-water treatment, rain collection, seawater
desalinization and other water projects.
Water
Use refers to gross water used by various water
users, including losses during distribution.
Water
Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by irrigation of farming fields, forestry and
orchards, irrigation of grassland, replenishment of fishing farms and water
used by animal husbandry.
Water
Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within
enterprises.
Water
Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for living consumption in both urban and rural areas.
Urban water use by living consumption is composed of household use and public
use (including tertiary industry and construction). Rural water use by living
consumption includes water used by households.
Water
Use by Ecological and Environmental Protection
includes replenishment of
rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Common
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers to the industrial solid wastes
that are not listed in the 《National Catalogue of Hazardous Wastes》, or not regarded as hazardous according to the national hazardous
waste identification standards (GB5085), solid waste-Extraction procedure for
leaching toxicity (GB5086) and solid waste-Extraction procedure for leaching
toxicity (GB/T 15555). The calculation formula is as followed:
Common Industrial Solid Wastes Produced =
(common industrial solid wastes utilized – the proportion of utilized stock of
previous years) + common industrial solid waste stock + (common industrial
solid wastes disposed – the proportion of disposed stock of previous years) +
common industrial solid wastes discharged.
Common
Industrial Solid Wastes Comprehensively Utilized refers to volume of solid wastes from which useful materials can be
extracted or which can be converted into usable resources, energy or other
materials by means of reclamation, processing, recycling and exchange
(including utilizing in the year the stocks of industrial solid wastes of the
previous year) during the report period, e.g. being used as agricultural fertilizers,
building materials or as material for paving road. Examples of such
utilizations include fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The
information shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Common
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of industrial
solid wastes which are burnt or specially disposed using other methods to alter
the physical, chemical and biological properties and thus to reduce or
eliminate the hazard, or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the
requirements for environmental protection during the report period.
Stock
of Common Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or
special sites by enterprises for purposes of utilization or disposal during the
report period. The sites or facilities should take measures against dispersion,
loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Common
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers to the volume of industrial solid wastes dumped or discharged by
producing enterprises to disposal facilities or to other sites.
Consumption
Wastes Transported refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to
disposal factories or sites during the reference period. Consumption wastes are
solid wastes produced from urban households or from service activities for
urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and regulations as urban consumption
wastes, including those from households, commercial activities, markets,
cleaning of streets, public sites, offices, schools, factories, mining units
and other sources.
Ratio
of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics,
as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is
replaced with that transported. It is calculated as:
Forest
Area
refers to the area of trees and bamboo grow with a canopy density above
0.2 degree, the area of shrubby tree according to regulations of the
government, the area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees
planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers.
Area
of Man-made Forests refer to the area of stable growing
forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or
higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of
0.20 degree or above after 3-5
years of manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total
Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of
trees growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Stock
Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of wood growing in forest area, which shows
the total size and level of forest resources of a country or a region.
Area
of Afforestation
refers to the total area of land suitable
for afforestation, including barren hills, idle land,
sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland and “grain for green” land, on
which acres of forests, trees and shrubs are planted through manual planting.
Manual
Planting refers to technical measures of sowing, planting seedlings and divided
transplanting on land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, non-timber forest land, woodland
and “grain for green” land to increase vegetation coverage rate of forests.
No-stocked
Land and Sparse Forest Land Newly Closed for Afforestation
This Year refers to the area of sparse forest land, brush shrub land, stump land,
burned land, barren hills, barren land, sand dunes where trees can naturally
grow or sprout, which are demarcated, closed down and returned to forest,
shrubbery and grass land with the assistance of special measures by men.
Timber
Forests refer to forests which are mainly for the production of timber, including
bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product
Forests refer to forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages,
indigents, raw materials and medicine materials. By-product forests are planted
to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as
food or raw materials for the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes,
mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection
Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or
preservation purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and
soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and
pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection
forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests
for Special Purpose refer to forests planted mainly for
national defence, environment protection or
scientific experiments, including national defence
forests, experimental forests, mother-tree forests, environment protection
forests, scenery forests, trees in historical or scenic spots, forests in
natural reserves.
Projects
on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest
areas in China with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving
the problem of sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and
northwestern China and the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically,
they include phase IV of Project on North China protection forests, phase II of
Project on protection forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River
and at the Huihe River and Taihu
Lake valley, phase II of Project on coastal protection forests, phase II of
Project on Pearl River protection forests, phase II Project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II Projects on greenery of
plains.
Wetlands refer to
marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary;
water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or
salty water that is less than 6 meters deep at low tide; as well as coral
beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water
marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal
areas.
Natural
Reserves refer to number of certain areas of land, or waters that have been set
aside and put under special protection and management in order to protect
natural environment and natural resources, and promote the sustainable
development of national economy. They are subject to formal approval from
governments of various levels. According to the protected targets, natural
reserves can be divided into three categories: reserves of natural ecological
system, natural reserves of wildlife species, and natural heritage of
historical significance.Scenic spots and cultural
preservation zones are not included.
Number
of Forest Fires refers to the number of fires in forests, woods and woodland outside of
the downtown areas of cities. In light of the area plagued by fires and the
number of casualties, forest fires can be categorized into usual forest fires,
relatively larger fires, serious forest fires and extraordinary serous forest
fires: 1). Usual forest fires: the destructed forest area is less than 1
hectare, or the fire erupts in other woodland, or the number of deaths is no
less than 1 but less than 3, or the number of seriously injured persons is no
less than 1 but less than 10 persons. 2). Relatively larger forest fires: the
destructed forest area is no less than 1 hectare but less than 100 hectares, or
the number of deaths is no less than 3 but less than 10, or the number of
seriously injured persons is no less than 10 but less than 50 persons. 3).
Serious forest fires: the destructed forest area is no less than 100 hectares
but less than 1000 hectares, or the number of deaths is no less than 10 but
less than 30, or the number of seriously injured persons is no less than 50 but
u less than 100 persons. 4). Extraordinary serious forest fires: the destructed
forest area is no less than 1000 hectares, or the number of deaths is no less
than 30, or the number of seriously injured persons is no less than 100
persons.
Forest
Diseases, Pest and Rat Plagues refers to the diseases, pests and rats that plague forests, woods,
seedlings and timbers, and bamboos. Forest diseases refer to the plague of
fungi, bacteria, virus, parasitic seed plants and nematode suffered by wood
organism, which will cause pathologic changes in trees in terms of physiology
function, cells, texture and shape.
Number
of Earthquakes the number of earthquakes of all magnitude that cause damages
(including casualties or economic losses).