Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Natural
Resources
refer to material resources that could be obtained from the nature by
human being and used for production and living. Natural resources in general
can be classified as renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable
resources refer to resources that could be renewed and recycled during a
relatively short period of time, including land resource, water resource,
climate resource, biology resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources
include resources that could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal
resource.
Area
of Cultivated Land refers to area of land reclaimed for the
regular cultivation of various farm crops, including crop-cover land, fallow,
newly reclaimed land and land laid idle for less than 3 years.
Area
of Afforested Land refers to area for land for trees,
bamboo, bushes and mangrove, including forest-covered land, bush-covered land,
sparse forest land, land planned for afforestation and nurseries of young
trees.
Area
of Grassland
refers to area of grassland, grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a
vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or
harvesting of grass. It includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland
areas.
Forest
Area
refers to the area of trees and bamboo grow with canopy density above
0.2, the area of shrubby tree according to regulations of the government, the
area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees planted by the side
of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers.
Stock
Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of wood
growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level of forest
resources of a country or a region. It is also an important indicator
illustrating the richness of forest resource and the status of forest
ecological environment.
Total
Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of
trees growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Mineral
Resources
refer to useful minerals that can be used for industrial or agricultural
purposes enriched in lithosphere or on earth due to the geological process.
Ensured
Mineral Reserves refer to the actual mineral reserves,
which equal to the proven mineral reserves (including industrial reserves and
prospective reserves) minus extracted parts and underground losses. This
indicator shows the current condition of the mineral resources of a Country．
Temperature refers to the air
temperature.
Monthly average temperature is the summation
of average daily temperature of one month divided by the actual days of that
particular month.
Annual average temperature is the summation
of monthly average of a year divided by 12 months.
Volume
of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid state
or solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the ground that has not
been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The calculation method is as follows:
Monthly precipitation is the summation of
daily precipitation of a month.
Annual precipitation is the summation of 12
months precipitation of a year.
Sunshine
Hours
refer to the actual hours of sun irradiating the earth. The calculation
method is the same as that of the precipitation.
Total
Water Resources refers to total volume of water
resources measured as run-off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for
groundwater in a given area, excluding transit water.
Surface
Water Resources refers to total renewable resources
which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and
are measured as run-off of rivers..
Groundwater
Resources
refers to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated
Measurement between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between
surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes some depletion
into groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment from surface
water.
Water
Supply
refers to gross water supply by supply systems from sources to
consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface
Water Supply
refers to withdrawals by surface water supply system, broken down with
storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from storage projects includes
withdrawals from reservoirs; supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers
and lakes with natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from
pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping
stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from
first-level regions of water resources or independent river drainage areas to
others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater
Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying
wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and
slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water
mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other
Water Supply Sources include supplies by waste-water
treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water projects.
Water
Use
refers to gross water use distributed to users, including loss during
transportation, broken down into use by agriculture, industry, living
consumption and ecological protection.
Water
Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by irrigation of
farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing. Water use by
forestry, animal husbandry and fishery includes irrigation of forestry and
orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing farms.
Water
Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water,
excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water
Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for living
consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunications and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households
and animals.
Water
Use by Ecological Protection includes replenishment
of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste
Water Discharged by Industry refers to the volume of waste water
discharged by industrial enterprises through all their outlets, including waste
water from production process, directly cooled water, groundwater from mining
wells which does not meet discharge standards and sewage from households mixed
with waste water produced by industrial activities, but excluding indirectly
cooled water discharged (It should be included if the discharge is not separated
from waste water).
Industrial
Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to
volume of industrial waste water discharge which, with or without treatment,
reaches national or local standards with regard to all pollutants.
Ratio
of Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of
industrial waste water meeting discharge standards over total industrial waste
water discharge. It is calculated as:
Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to the amount of oxygen required
when chemical oxidants are used to oxidize organic pollutants in water. A
higher value of COD corresponds to more serious pollution by organic
pollutants.
Industrial Waste Air Emission refers to
discharge into atmosphere of waste air containing pollutants generated from
fuel burning and production process in enterprises within a given period of
time. It is converted into standard (273K, 101325Pa) with the following
formula:
Emission=emission from fuel burning+
emission through production process
Industrial
Soot Emission
refers to the volume of soot in smoke emitted in the process of fuel
burning in the premises of enterprises.
Industrial
Dust Emission
refers to volume of dust emitted by production process of enterprises
and suspended in the air for a given period of time, including dust from
refractory material of iron and steel works, dust from coke-screening systems
and sintering machines of coke plants, dust from lime kilns and dust from
cement production in building material enterprises, but excluding soot and dust
emitted from power plants.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Produced refers to total volume of solid,
semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues produced by industrial
enterprises from production process in a given period of time, including hazardous
wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive residues and other
wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining - gangue and acid or
alkaline stones not included (a stone is acid or alkaline according to the pH
value of the water being below 4 or above 10.5 when the stone is in, or soaked
by water).
Industrial
Solid Wastes Utilized refers to volume of solid wastes from
which useful materials can be extracted or which can be converted into usable
resources, energy or other materials by means of reclamation, processing,
recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks of
industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of such utilizations
include fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information
shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Rate
of Utilization of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the percentage of industrial
solid wastes utilized over industrial solid wastes produced (including stocks
of the previous years). It is calculated as:
Stock
of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the volume of solid wastes
placed in special facilities or special sites for purposes of utilization or
disposal. The sites or facilities should take measures against dispersion,
loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Disposed refers to the quantity of industrial
solid wastes which are burnt or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the
requirements for environmental protection and not salvaged or recycled
(including disposition in the year of those wastes of previous years). The
disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be conducted for hazardous
wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep underground disposal, backfill
in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Discharged refers to the volume of industrial solid
wastes discharged by producing enterprises to disposal facilities or to other
sites. The wastes exclude stones stripped or dug from mining (gangue and acid
or alkaline waste stones not included).
Consumption
Wastes Transported refers to volume of consumption wastes
collected and transported to disposal factories or sites. Consumption wastes
are solid wastes produced from urban households or from service activities for
urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and regulations as urban
consumption wastes, including those from households, commercial activities,
markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices, schools, factories, mining
units and other sources.
Ratio
of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption wastes treated over
that produced. In practical statistics, as it is difficult to estimate, the
volume of consumption wastes produced is replaced with that transported. It is
calculated as:
Land
for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used for
agriculture production, including land for cultivation, gardening, forests,
herbage and other agriculture activities.
Area
of Man-made Forests refer to the area of stable growing
forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or
higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of
or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane
planting.
Total
Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land
suitable for afforestation, including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes,
“grain for green” land, on which acres of arbores or bushes are planted through
manual planting, airplane planting, plant seedlings, etc. in accordance with
the required density standards of the Technical Procedures of Afforestation,
and with a survival rate of over 85% in line with the Implementing Rules of the
Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (or a survival rate of 75% in
areas with less that
By-product
Forests refer to forests that mainly produce
fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine
materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark
or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for the
manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees,
camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection
Forests
refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or
preservation purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and
soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and
pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection
forests, etc.
Fuel
Forests
refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Project
on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One ecological project in
Projects
on Converting Cultivated Land to Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green
Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion in key
regions, these projects are ecological construction projects in the development
of forest industry that have the widest coverage and most sophisticated
procedures, with strong policy implications and most active participation of
the people.
Projects
on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas
in China with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the
problem of sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern
China and the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include
phase IV of Project on North China protection forests, phase II of Project on
protection forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the
Huihe River and Taihu Lake valley, phase II of Project on coastal protection
forests, phase II of Project on Pearl River protection forests, phase II
Project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II Projects on greenery of
plains.
Projects
on Preserving Wild Animals and Plants and on Construction of Natural Reserves aiming at gene
preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature and wetlands, these
projects are forward-looking with strategic perspectives in line with
international trends and practices.
Wetlands refers to marshland and
peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered
areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water
that is less than 6 meters deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed
beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland,
marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Natural
Reserves
refer to certain areas of land, waters or sea demarked and approved by
relevant governments at all levels to put under special protection and
management in order to protect the natural environment and natural resources
and to promote the sustainable
development of the national economy. According to the objects be protected, the
natural reserves are classified into classes of natural ecosystem, wild life
and natural heritage. Scenic spots and cultural preservation zones are not
included.
Environmental
Emergencies
refers to environmental emergencies that caused or likely to cause
significant causalities, serious property damages and pose a major threat and
damage to the economic, social or political stability of the country or a
region, or have significant social impact that related to the public safety.
Environment
Pollution and Destruction Accidents refers to sudden accidents, due to
economic or social activities that are contrary to environment protection laws
or due to unforeseen factors or natural disasters, that lead to environment
pollution, destruction of protected wild animals, plants or nature reserves,
damage to human health, economic and property losses, and other negative
impacts on the society.
Funds
Allocated to Afforestation refers to the total funds which have
been transfered into the specific accounts of the agencies responsible for
afforestation projects at reporting period.
Completed
Investment for Afforestation during the Year reflecting the actual size of investment
completed during January 1 and December 31 of the reference year, this
indicator is important in estimating investment efficiency and in making annual
analysis of the performance of the national economy.