Explanatory
Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Territory refers
to territorial land, sea and air space under the administration of the People’s
Republic of
Climate refers
to the natural environmental status formed by the long-term exchange of energy
and mass between the earth and the atmosphere, and is the result of interaction
of many factors. Climate is both one of the environment factors and also the
important resources for living and production activities of the human being.
The average values across several years of meteorological factors such as
temperature, rainfall and humidity are used as important parameters to describe
the climate of a region, while the average values (or total values) of a given
year or month of meteorological factors reflect the key characteristics of
climate for that period of time.
Natural Resources refer to material resources that could be obtained from the nature
by human being and used for production and living. Natural resources in general
can be classified as renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable
resources refer to resources that could be renewed and recycled during a
relatively short period of time, including land resource, water resource,
climate resource, biology resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources
include resources that could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal
resource.
Area of Cultivated Land refers to area of land reclaimed for the regular cultivation of
various farm crops, including crop-cover land, fallow, newly reclaimed land and
land laid idle for less than 3 years.
Area of Afforested Land refers to area for land for trees bamboo, bushes and mangrove,
including forest-covered land, bush-covered land, sparse forest land, land
planned for afforestation and nurseries of young
trees.
Area
of Grassland refers
to area of grassland, grass-slopes and
grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used
for animal husbandry or harvesting of grass. It includes natural, cultivated
and improved grassland areas.
Forest Resource refers to forests, trees, forestland and wild animals, plants and
microorganism that live on forest and trees. Trees include trees and bamboo.
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of
trees growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Forest Area refers to the area of forest where trees and bamboo grow with canopy
density above 0.2, including land of natural woods and planted woods, but
excluding bush land and thin forest land. It reflects the total areas of afforestation.
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of wood growing in forest area, which
shows the total size and level of forest resources of a country or a region. It
is also an important indicator illustrating the richness of forest resource and
the status of forest ecological environment.
Forest Coverage Rate refers to the ratio of area of afforested land to total land area. It
is a very important indicator that reflects the status of abundance of forest
resource and balance of the ecosystem. Forest area includes the area of trees
and bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2, the area of shrubby tree
according to regulations of the government, the area of forest land inside farm
land and the area of trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along
roads and rivers. The formula for calculating forest coverage rate is as
follows:
|
Forestry coverage rate (%)= |
Area of Afforested Land |
×100% |
|
Area of |
Water Resource Water exists in the nature in
solid, liquid and gaseous states, is distributed in the ocean, land (including
earth) and air, and constitutes the water resource through the circulation of
water. Water resource includes the surface water and underground water that is
controlled by the human being for irrigation, power-generation, water supply,
navigation and cultivation. It also includes rivers, lakes, wells, springs,
tides, gulf and water area for cultivation. Water
resource as an important natural resource is indispensable for the development of
the national economy.
Surface Water and
Underground Water Water on earth can be divided
into surface water and underground water according to its distribution. Surface
water refers to moisture exists in rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, icecaps and
so on. It is also called land water. The underground water refers to water
deposited underground in the cranny and the hole of saturated rock soil and in
the water-eroded cave.
Inland Water
Area refers to water area
of rivers，lakes，ponds，reservoir，etc．
Volume of Runoff refers to the total
volume of water running through a certain cross section of a river during a
certain period of time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or
a region. The formula for calculating volume or runoff is as follows：
Runoff
=Precipitation-Evaporation
Mineral Resources refer to useful
minerals that can be used for industrial or agricultural purposes enriched in
lithosphere or on earth due to the geological process.
Ensured
Mineral Reserves refer to the actual
mineral reserves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves (including
industrial reserves and prospective reserves) minus extracted parts and
underground losses. This indicator shows the current condition of the mineral
resources of a Country．
Temperature refers to the
air temperature.
Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid state or solid state (thawed) water
falling from the sky to the ground that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or
run off. The calculation method is as follows:
Monthly precipitation is the summation of daily precipitation of a month.
Annual precipitation is the summation of 12 months precipitation of a year.
Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours of sun irradiating the earth. The
calculation method is the same as that of the precipitation.
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of water resources measured as run-off for
surface water from rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a given area,
excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable resources which exist in rivers, lakes,
glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and are measured as run-off of
rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e.
run-off of rivers includes some depletion into groundwater while groundwater
includes some replenishment from surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water supply by supply systems from sources to
consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water supply system, broken down
with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from storage projects includes
withdrawals from reservoirs; supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers
and lakes with natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from
pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping
stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from
first-level regions of water resources or independent river drainage areas to
others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken down with shallow
layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish water.
Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water mining by both waterworks and
own wells of enterprises.
Water Use refers to gross water use distributed to users, including loss during
transportation, broken down into use by agriculture, industry, living
consumption and ecological protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by irrigation of farming fields and by forestry,
animal husbandry and fishing. Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and
fishery includes irrigation of forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland
and replenishment of fishing farms.
Water Use by Industry
refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within
enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for living consumption in both urban and rural
areas. Urban water use by living consumption is composed of household use and
public use (including services, commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation,
posts, telecommunications and construction).
Rural water use by living consumption includes both households and
animals.
Water Use by Ecological Protection
includes replenishment of
rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry
refers to the volume of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises
through all their outlets, including waste water from production process,
directly cooled water, groundwater from mining wells which does not meet
discharge standards and sewage from households mixed with waste water produced
by industrial activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It
should be included if the discharge is not separated from waste water).
Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge which,
with or without treatment, reaches national or local standards with regard to
all pollutants.
Ratio of Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste water meeting
discharge standards over total industrial waste water discharge. It is
calculated as:
|
Ratio of industrial waste
water |
industrial waste water |
|
total industrial waste |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to the amount of oxygen required when chemical oxidants are
used to oxidize organic pollutants in water. A higher value of COD corresponds
to more serious pollution by organic pollutants.
Industrial Waste Air Emission refers to discharge into atmosphere of waste air containing
pollutants generated from fuel burning and production process in enterprises
within a given period of time. It is converted into standard (273K, 101325Pa)
with the following formula:
Emission=emission from
fuel burning+ emission through production process
Industrial Soot Emission refers to the volume of soot in smoke emitted in the process of fuel
burning in the premises of enterprises.
Industrial
Dust Emission refers
to volume of dust emitted by
production process of enterprises and suspended in the air for a given period
of time, including dust from refractory material of iron and steel works, dust
from coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke plants, dust from
lime kilns and dust from cement production in building material enterprises,
but excluding soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced
refers to total volume of solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid
residues produced by industrial enterprises from production process in a given
period of time, including hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings,
radioactive residues and other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out
in mining - gangue and acid or alkaline stones not included (a stone is acid or
alkaline according to the pH value of the water being below 4 or above 10.5 when
the stone is in, or soaked by water).
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to volume of solid wastes from
which useful materials can be extracted or which can be converted into usable
resources, energy or other materials by means of reclamation, processing,
recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks of
industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of such utilizations
include fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information
shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Rate of Utilization of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over
industrial solid wastes produced (including stocks of the previous years). It
is calculated as:
|
Rate of utilization of |
volume of industrial |
×100% |
|
industrial solid |
Stock of Industrial Solid Wastes
refers to the volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special
sites for purposes of utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should
take measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water
contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed
refers to the quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or placed
ultimately in the sites meeting the requirements for environmental protection
and not salvaged or recycled (including disposition in the year of those wastes
of previous years). The disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be
conducted for hazardous wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep
underground disposal, backfill in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged
refers to the volume of industrial solid wastes discharged by producing
enterprises to disposal facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones
stripped or dug from mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not
included).
Consumption Wastes Transported
refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal
factories or sites. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban
households or from service activities for urban households, and solid wastes
regarded by laws and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those
from households, commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public
sites, offices, schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated
refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics,
as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is replaced with that transported. It is
calculated as:
|
Ratio of consumption |
consumption wastes treated |
×100% |
|
consumption wastes produced |
Land for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used for agriculture production, including
land for cultivation, gardening, forests, herbage and other agriculture
activities.
Area of Man-made Forests
refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes,
with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per
hectare, or with a canopy density of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual
planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation, including barren hills, idle land, sand
dunes, “grain for green” land, on which acres of arbores or bushes are planted
through manual planting, airplane planting, plant seedlings, etc. in accordance
with the required density standards of the Technical Procedures of Afforestation, and with a survival rate of over 85% in line
with the Implementing Rules of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China
(or a survival rate of 75% in areas with less that
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible oil,
beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine materials. By-product forests
are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume
them as food or raw materials for the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil
trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees,
tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or
preservation purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and
soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and
pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection
forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One ecological project in
Projects on Converting Cultivated Land to Forests and Grassland
(Grain for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion in key
regions, these projects are ecological construction projects in the development
of forest industry that have the widest coverage and most sophisticated
procedures, with strong policy implications and most active participation of
the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze River
Basin
covering the widest areas in China with a rich variety of contents,
these projects aim at solving the problem of sand and dust in northeastern
China, northern China and northwestern China and the ecological issues in other
areas. More specifically, they include phase IV of Project on North China
protection forests, phase II of Project on protection forests at the middle and
lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River
and Taihu Lake valley, phase II of Project on coastal
protection forests, phase II of Project on Pearl River protection forests,
phase II Project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and
phase II Projects on greenery of plains.
Projects
on Preserving Wild Animals and Plants and on Construction of Natural Reserves aiming
at gene preservation and protection of bio-diversity,
nature and wetlands, these projects are forward-looking with strategic
perspectives in line with international trends and practices.
Wetlands refer
to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary;
water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or
salty water that is less than 6 meters deep at low tide; as well as coral
beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water
marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal
areas.
Natural Reserves refer to certain areas of land, waters
or sea demarked and approved by relevant governments at all levels to put under
special protection and management in order to protect the natural environment
and natural resources and to
promote the sustainable development of the national economy. According to the
objects be protected, the natural reserves are classified into classes of
natural ecosystem, wild life and natural heritage. Scenic spots and cultural
preservation zones are not included.
Ecological Demonstration Zones refer to administrative areas approved by the environment protection
agencies of central and provincial governments and established by provincial,
prefecture or county governments in line with the approved programme
for ecological demonstration zones. They include those evaluated and accepted
by the environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments
and those under pilot development stage.
Landslides refer to the geological
phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along certain
soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface water and underground
water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by irrational construction
work are usually main factors triggering the landslides. Several damages are
often caused by landslides in open mining, in water conservancy projects, and
in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers
to the geological phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly
collapsing from the mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force.
Usually caused by weathering of rocks, permeance of
rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river course
or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing large amount
of mud and rocks in mountainnous areas. It is found
mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous topographic
features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute to the
mud-rock flow.
Landslides refer
to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down
along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface
water and underground water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by
irrational construction work are usually main factors triggering landslides.
Severe damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in water
conservancy projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Land Subside refers to the geological phenomenon of surface rocks or earth
subsiding into holes or pits as a result of natural or human factors. Land
subside can be classified as karst subside and non-karst subside.
Environment Pollution and Destruction Accidents
refer to sudden accidents, due to economic or social activities that
are contrary to environment protection laws or due to unforeseen factors or natural
disasters, that lead to environment pollution, destruction of protected wild
animals, plants or nature reserves, damage to human health, economic and
property losses, and other negative impacts on the society.
Investment in Environment Pollution Harnessing Projects refers to the proportion of investment in fixed assets in the total
investment in harnessing pollution and in the construction of urban environment
infrastructure facilities. The investment in harnessing pollution It includes investment in harnessing sources of industrial
pollution and investment in environment protection facilities designed
concurrently with construction projects. Investment in environment pollution
harnessing is the total of investment in harnessing pollution and investment in
urban environment infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Afforestation refers to the investment in capital construction and updating
projects in afforestation during the reference
period.