Regular Institutions of Higher Education
refer to educational establishments set up according to the government evaluation
and approval procedures, recruiting graduates from senior secondary schools as
the main target by National Matriculation TEST. They include full-time
universities, colleges, institutions of higher professional education,
institutions of higher vocational education, institutions of higher vocational
education and others (non-university tertiary, branch schools and undergraduate
classes).
Universities
and colleges primarily provide undergraduate courses; institutions of higher
professional education and institutions of higher vocational education primarily provide professional trainings; and others refer to educational
establishments, which are responsible for
enrolling higher education students under the State Plan but not enumerated in
the total number of schools, including: branch schools of universities and
colleges, and universities and colleges that have been approved and under plan
for construction. Non-university tertiary refers to the regular undergraduate
branch college which is running in new mechanism and mode, excluding the branch
schools and other similar branches of educational institutions.
Net Enrolment Ratio of Primary Schools refers to the proportion of school age children
enrolled at schools to the total number of school age children both in and
outside schools (including retarded children, but excluding blind, deaf and
mute children). The formula is:
Scientific and Technological Activities
(S&T Activities)
refer to organized activities which are closely related with the creation,
development, dissemination and application of the scientific and technical
knowledge in the fields of natural sciences, agricultural science, medical
science, engineering and technological science, humanities and social sciences
(referred to as scientific and technological fields). S&T activities can be
classified into 3 categories: research and development (R&D) activities,
application of R&D results, and related S&T services. This statistical
definition is made by UNICHIEF for scientific and technological activities to
meet the need of carrying out statistical work in this field for its member
countries particularly the developing countries.
Personnel Engaged in S&T Activities refer to personnel directly engaged in S&T
activities, in the management of S&T activities, and in providing direct
service to S&T activities, with over 10% of the total working hours in a
year spent on S&T activities. (1) Personnel directly engaged in S&T
activities include researchers, engineers, technicians and other related
personnel engaged in S&T activities in independent-accounting R&D
institutions, institutions of higher learning, and in research institutes,
laboratories, technology development centres and
central experiment workshops under enterprises and institutions. Also included
are people working in S&T research project teams, professional and
technical personnel working in S&T information archiving institutes, and
graduate students working on the design of their thesis. (2) Personnel engaged
in the management of S&T activities and in providing direct service to
S&T activities include senior management people responsible for S&T
activities in independent-accounting R&D institutions, S&T information
archiving institutes, institutions of higher learning and in enterprises and
institutions where S&T activities are undertaken. Also included are people
responsible for the planning, administration, personnel management, financial
management, logistics supply, equipment maintenance, information and library
management that are related with S&T activities. People providing indirect
services are excluded, such as security, medical service, drivers, plumbers,
cleaners and those providing catering and related service. This indicator reflects
the size of personnel engaged in S&T activities.
Scientists and Engineers refer to persons engaged in S&T activities
either having obtained titles of senior and middle level professional
positions, or those without such positions but have completed university or
higher education. This indicator reflects the quality of personnel engaged in
S&T activities.
Research and Development (R&D) refers to systematic and creative activities in
the field of science and technology aiming at increasing the knowledge and
using the knowledge for new application. R&D includes 3 categories of
activities: basic research, applied research and experimentation for
development. The scale and intensity of R&D are widely used internationally
to reflect the strength of S&T and the core competitiveness of a country in
the world.
Basic Research refers to empirical or theoretical research
aiming at obtaining new knowledge on the fundamental principles regarding
phenomena or observable facts to reveal the intrinsic nature and underlying
laws and to acquire new discoveries or new theories. Basic research takes no
specific or designated application as the aim of the research. Results of basic
research are mainly released or disseminated in the form of scientific papers
or monographs. This indicator reflects the innovation capacity for original
knowledge.
Applied Research refers to creative research aiming at obtaining
new knowledge on a specific objective or target. Purpose of the applied
research is to identify the possible uses of results from basic research, or to
explore new (fundamental) methods or new approaches. Results of applied
research are expressed in the form of scientific papers, monographs,
fundamental models or invention patents. This indicator reflects the
exploration of ways to apply the results of basic research.
R&D Personnel refer to persons engaged in research,
management and supporting activities of R&D, including persons in the
project teams, persons engaged in the management of S&T activities of
enterprises and supporting staff providing direct service to the research
projects. This indicator reflects the size of personnel engaged in R&D
activities with independent intellectual property.
Full-time Equivalent of R&D Personnel refers to the sum of the full-time persons and
the full-time equivalent of part-time persons converted by workload. For
instance, if there are 2 full-time persons and 3 part-time workers (20%, 30%
and 70% of working hours respectively on R&D activities), the full-time
equivalent are 2+0.2+0.3+0.7=3.2 person-years. This is an internationally
comparable indicator of S&T manpower input.
Professional and Technical Personnel refer to persons engaged in professional and
technical work or in the management of professional and technical activities,
i.e., people with professional or technical positions who are engaged in
professional and technical work or in the management of professional and
technical activities, and people without professional or technical positions
but are working on professional or technical posts. They include professionals
and technicians working in 17 categories of technical occupations including
engineering, agriculture, scientific researches, medical service, teaching,
economic research and application, accounting, statistics, translation,
libraries, archives, cultural and museum service, journalism and publication,
lawyers, notarization service, radio and television broadcasting, handicraft
and fine arts, sports, performing art, and political workers in enterprises.
This indicator reflects the condition of human resources in S&T.
Funding for S&T Activities refers to funds obtained from various sources
for S&T activities, including government funds, self-raised funds by
enterprises, self-raised funds by institutions, loans from financial
institutions, foreign funds and other funds. This indicator reflects the
efforts made by various social economic entities in promoting the development
of S&T.
Government Funds refer to funds obtained from government
agencies at all levels to be used for S&T activities, including fund for
scientific undertakings, 3 kinds of fund for S&T activities, fund for
capital construction for scientific researches, science fund, funds from
education expenditures by education departments for S&T activities, and
extra-budget fund from government agencies for S&T activities.
Funds of Enterprises refers to funds of enterprises from their own
budget; funds from other enterprises; or funds received by universities or
research institutions from enterprises for scientific research or technical
development projects. Excluded from this category are funds from government
agencies, financial institutions or from foreign institutions.
Internal Expenditure on S&T activities
refer to the actual expenditure on S&T activities during the
reference year, including service fees, expenditure on research activities,
expenditure on research management, purchase or construction of fixed assets
not included in the investment for capital construction, expenditure on capital
construction for scientific researches, and other expenditure on S&T
activities. Not included are expenditure on production activities, repayment of
loans and transfer expenditure. This indicator reflects the net investment in
S&T more accurately.
Service Fees refer to direct or indirect payment, in cash or
in kind, made to personnel engaged in S&T activities as remuneration and
other fees. They include, in various forms, salaries, subsidies, bonus,
benefits, retirement pension, stipend, etc. This indicator reflects the
improvement of the remuneration package for S&T personnel.
Purchase or Construction of Fixed Assets refers to the fixed assets purchased or
constructed using funds other than the investment in capital construction, and
the actual expenditure on capital construction for scientific researches. In
other words, it is the sum of the actual expenditure on fixed assets and the
accomplished investment in capital construction for scientific researches.
Fixed assets refer to main materials and equipment, literatures and documents
in libraries, materials for experiments, specimen, instruments, furniture,
buildings and constructions that can be used for a long time without changing
the form and shape of those articles or constructions. This indicator reflects
the input in improving the condition of S&T and the means of scientific
research.
New Products refer to brand new products produced with new
technology and new design, or products that represent noticeable improvement in
terms of structure, material, or production process for improving significantly
the character or function of the older versions. They include new products
certified by relevant government agencies within the period of certification,
as well as new products designed and produced by enterprises within a year
without certification by government agencies. This indicator reflects the
direct contribution of S&T output to economic growth.
Patent is an abbreviation for the patent right and
refers to the exclusive right of ownership by the inventors or designers for
the creation or inventions, given from the patent offices after due process of
assessment and approval in accordance with the Patent Law. Patents are granted
for inventions, utility models and designs. This indicator reflects the
achievements of S&T and design with independent intellectual property.
Patented Inventions refer to new technical proposals to the
products or methods or their modifications. This is universal core indicator
reflecting the technologies with independent intellectual property.
Patented Utility Models refer to the practical and new technical
proposals on the shape and structure of the product or the combination of both.
This indicator reflects the condition of technological results with certain
technical content.
Designs refer to the aesthetics and industrially
applicable new designs for the shape, pattern and colour
of the product, or their combinations. This indicator reflects the appearance
design achievements with independent intellectual property.
Culture and Related Industries refer to the aggregate of activities, providing
the mass with culture goods, amusement goods and services. According to the
characteristics of culture goods, amusement goods and services, they can be
classified into two categories, or nonprofit cultural activities and profit
cultural activities.
Culture
and related industries is the important component of the tertiary industry.
These are the derivative sector from the Industrial Classification of the
National Economy and are composed of two categories of culture services and
related cultural services.
Culture services mainly include news services, publishing and
copyright services, radio, television, film, arts, network, recreation, and
other cultural services
Arts Performance Troupes refer to the various professional performing
arts groups, which sponsored by the cultural sectors or guided by the cultural
society (approved by the cultural market administration, or registered and
permitted with the relative certificate), including non-governmental troupes,
such as drama troupes, dialect troupes, comedy troupes, children troupes, Opera
troupes, puppetry troupes, Shadowgraph troupes, etc., comprehensive
professional arts performance troupes. The semi-working and semi-farming arts troupes
are not included.
Arts Performance Places
refer to the various sites for cultural activities, which sponsored by
the cultural sectors or guided by the cultural society (approved by the
cultural market administration, or registered and permitted with the relative
certificate), with the facility of auditorium, stage, and lighting, and selling
tickets in public, specially performed by arts troupes, including theatre,
concert halls, opera halls, dance halls, drama halls, cinemas, circus fields,
and other showplaces for the performing arts. The cinemas, auditoriums,
stadiums, and arts museums, such as art galleries, painting houses, sculpture
houses, are not included.
Cultural Market Operating Units refer to the units dealing in culture and
cultural services, which registered and permitted with the relative certificate
by cultural market administration.
Radio Coverage of Population refers to the percentage of population, which
can listen to one of central, provincial, city, prefecture, and county radio programs
by wireless, cable, satellite and other technical means, in the surveying area,
to national total population, according to Statistical Standard and Method on
Television and Radio Coverage of Population established by the State
Administration of Broadcasting, Film and Television.
Television Coverage of Population refers to the percentage of population, which
can watch one of central, provincial, city, prefecture, and county television
programs by wireless, cable, satellite and other technical means, in the
surveying area, to national total population, according to Statistical Standard
and Method on Television and Radio Coverage of Population established by the
State Administration of Broadcasting, Film and Television.