Territory refers to territorial land, sea and air
space under the administration of the People’s Republic of
Climate refers to the natural environmental
status formed by the long-term exchange of energy and mass between the earth
and the atmosphere, and is the result of interaction of many factors. Climate
is both one of the environment factors and also the important resources for
living and production activities of the human being. The average values across
several years of meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall and
humidity are used as important parameters to describe the climate of a region,
while the average values (or total values) of a given year or month of
meteorological factors reflect the key characteristics of climate for that
period of time.
Natural Resources refer to material resources that could be
obtained from the nature by human being and used for production and living.
Natural resources in general can be classified as renewable resources and
non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources that could be
renewed and recycled during a relatively short period of time, including land resource,
water resource, climate resource, biology resource and marine resource.
Non-renewable resources include resources that could not be renewed, such as
minerals and geothermal resource.
Area of Cultivated Land refers to area of land reclaimed for the
regular cultivation of various farm crops, including crop-cover land, fallow,
newly reclaimed land and land laid idle for less than 3 years.
Area of Afforested Land refers to area for land for trees
bamboo, bushes and mangrove, including forest-covered land, bush-covered land,
sparse forest land, land planned for afforestation and nurseries of young
trees.
Area of Grassland refers to area of grassland,
grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a
vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or
harvesting of grass. It includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland
areas.
Forest Resource refers to forests, trees, forestland and
wild animals, plants and microorganism that live on forest and trees. Trees
include trees and bamboo.
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock volume of
trees growing in land, including trees in forest, trees in sparse forest,
scattered trees and trees planted by the side of villages, farm houses and
along roads and rivers.
Forest Area refers to the area of forest where trees
and bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2, including land of natural woods
and planted woods, but excluding bush land and thin forest land. It reflects
the total areas of afforestation.
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of wood
growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level of forest
resources of a country or a region. It is also an important indicator
illustrating the richness of forest resource and the status of forest
ecological environment.
Forest Coverage Rate refers to the ratio of area of
afforested land to total land area. It is a very important indicator that
reflects the status of abundance of forest resource and balance of the
ecosystem. Forest area includes the area of trees and bamboo grow with canopy
density above 0.2, the area of shrubby tree according to regulations of the
government, the area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees
planted by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers. The
formula for calculating forest coverage rate is as follows:
Water
Resource Water exists
in the nature in solid, liquid and gaseous states, is distributed in the ocean,
land (including earth) and air, and constitutes the water resource through the
circulation of water. Water resource includes the surface water and underground
water that is controlled by the human being for irrigation, power-generation,
water supply, navigation and cultivation. It also includes rivers, lakes,
wells, springs, tides, gulf and water area for cultivation. Water resource as
an important natural resource is indispensable for the development of the
national economy.
Surface
Water and Underground Water Water on earth can be divided into surface water and
underground water according to its distribution. Surface water refers to
moisture exists in rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, icecaps and so on. It is
also called land water. The underground water refers to water deposited
underground in the cranny and the hole of saturated rock soil and in the water-eroded
cave.
Inland Water
Area refers to water area
of rivers，lakes，ponds，reservoir，etc．
Volume of
Runoff refers to the total
volume of water running through a certain cross section of a river during a
certain period of time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or
a region. The formula for calculating volume or runoff is as follows：
Runoff
=Precipitation-Evaporation
Mineral
Resources refer to useful
minerals that can be used for industrial or agricultural purposes enriched in
lithosphere or on earth due to the geological process.
Ensured
Mineral Reserves refer
to the actual mineral reserves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves
(including industrial reserves and prospective reserves) minus extracted parts
and underground losses. This indicator shows the current condition of the
mineral resources of a Country．
Temperature refers to the
air temperature.
Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid state
or solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the ground that has not
been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The calculation method is as follows:
Monthly precipitation is the summation of daily precipitation
of a month.
Annual precipitation is the summation of 12 months
precipitation of a year.
Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours of sun
irradiating the earth. The calculation method is the same as that of the
precipitation.
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of water resources
measured as run-off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for
groundwater in a given area, excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable resources which
exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and are
measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with
rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual
exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes
some depletion into groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment
from surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water supply by supply
systems from sources to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water
supply system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply
from storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs; supply from flow
includes withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows no matter if
there are locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes withdrawals from
rivers or lakes with pumping stations; and supply from transfer refers to water
supplies transferred from first-level regions of water resources or independent
river drainage areas to others, and should not be covered under supplies of
storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying
wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and
slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water
mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Water Use refers to gross water use distributed to
users, including loss during transportation, broken down into use by
agriculture, industry, living consumption and ecological protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by irrigation of
farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing. Water use by
forestry, animal husbandry and fishery includes irrigation of forestry and
orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing farms.
Water Use by Industry
refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding reuse of water within
enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for living
consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation,
posts, telecommunications and construction).
Rural water use by living consumption
includes both households and animals.
Water Use by Ecological Protection includes replenishment of rivers and
lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry
refers to the volume of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises
through all their outlets, including waste water from production process,
directly cooled water, groundwater from mining wells which does not meet
discharge standards and sewage from households mixed with waste water produced
by industrial activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It
should be included if the discharge is not separated from waste water).
Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge which,
with or without treatment, reaches national or local standards with regard to
all pollutants.
Ratio of Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste water meeting
discharge standards over total industrial waste water discharge. It is
calculated as:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to the amount of oxygen required
when chemical oxidants are used to oxidize organic pollutants in water. A
higher value of COD corresponds to more serious pollution by organic
pollutants.
Industrial Waste Air Emission refers to discharge into atmosphere of
waste air containing pollutants generated from fuel burning and production
process in enterprises within a given period of time. It is converted into
standard (273K, 101325Pa) with the following formula:
Emission=emission from
fuel burning+ emission through production process
Industrial Soot Emission refers to the volume of soot in smoke
emitted in the process of fuel burning in the premises of enterprises.
Industrial Dust Emission refers to volume of dust emitted by production process of enterprises and suspended
in the air for a given period of time, including dust from refractory material
of iron and steel works, dust from coke-screening systems and sintering
machines of coke plants, dust from lime kilns and dust from cement production
in building material enterprises, but excluding soot and dust emitted from
power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced
refers to total volume of solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues
produced by industrial enterprises from production process in a given period of
time, including hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive
residues and other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining -
gangue and acid or alkaline stones not included (a stone is acid or alkaline
according to the pH value of the water being below 4 or above 10.5 when the
stone is in, or soaked by water).
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to volume of solid wastes from
which useful materials can be extracted or which can be converted into usable
resources, energy or other materials by means of reclamation, processing,
recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks of
industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of such utilizations
include fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information
shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Rate of Utilization of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to the
percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over industrial solid wastes
produced (including stocks of the previous years). It is calculated as:
Stock of Industrial Solid Wastes
refers to the volume of solid wastes placed in special facilities or special
sites for purposes of utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should
take measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water
contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed
refers to the quantity of industrial solid wastes which are burnt or placed
ultimately in the sites meeting the requirements for environmental protection
and not salvaged or recycled (including disposition in the year of those wastes
of previous years). The disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be
conducted for hazardous wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep
underground disposal, backfill in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged
refers to the volume of industrial solid wastes discharged by producing
enterprises to disposal facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones
stripped or dug from mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not
included).
Consumption Wastes Transported
refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal
factories or sites. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban
households or from service activities for urban households, and solid wastes
regarded by laws and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those
from households, commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public
sites, offices, schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated
refers to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as it is difficult to estimate, the volume of
consumption wastes produced is replaced with that
transported. It is calculated as:
Land for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used for
agriculture production, including land for cultivation, gardening, forests,
herbage and other agriculture activities.
Area of Man-made Forests
refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes,
with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per
hectare, or with a canopy density of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual
planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Area of Afforestation
refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation, including barren
hills, idle land, sand dunes, “grain for green” land, on which acres of arbores
or bushes are planted through manual planting, airplane planting, plant
seedlings, etc. in accordance with the required density standards of the
Technical Procedures of Afforestation, and with a survival rate of over 85% in
line with the Implementing Rules of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of
China (or a survival rate of 75% in areas with less that
Timber Forests refer to forests which are mainly for
the production of timber, including bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly produce
fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine
materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark
or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for the
manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees,
camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes
planted mainly for protection or preservation purpose, including water resource
conservation forests, water and soil conservation forests, windbreak and
dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, riverside
protection forests, roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for
fuels.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One
ecological project in
Projects on Converting Cultivated Land to Forests and Grassland
(Grain for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion in key regions,
these projects are ecological construction projects in the development of
forest industry that have the widest coverage and most sophisticated
procedures, with strong policy implications and most active participation of
the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze River
Basin
covering the widest areas in China with a rich variety of contents,
these projects aim at solving the problem of sand and dust in northeastern
China, northern China and northwestern China and the ecological issues in other
areas. More specifically, they include phase IV of Project on North China
protection forests, phase II of Project on protection forests at the middle and
lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake valley, phase
II of Project on coastal protection forests, phase II of Project on Pearl River
protection forests, phase II Project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase
II Projects on greenery of plains.
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals and Plants and on Construction
of Natural Reserves aiming at gene preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature and wetlands, these
projects are forward-looking with strategic perspectives in line with
international trends and practices.
Wetlands refer to marshland and peat bog, whether
natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered areas, whether
stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water that is less than
6 meters deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove,
river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty
bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Natural Reserves refer to certain areas of land, waters
or sea demarked and approved by relevant governments at all levels to put under
special protection and management in order to protect the natural environment
and natural resources and to
promote the sustainable development of the national economy. According to the
objects be protected, the natural reserves are classified into classes of
natural ecosystem, wild life and natural heritage. Scenic spots and cultural
preservation zones are not included.
Ecological Demonstration Zones refer to administrative areas approved
by the environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments
and established by provincial, prefecture or county governments in line with
the approved programme for ecological demonstration zones. They include those
evaluated and accepted by the environment protection agencies of central and
provincial governments and those under pilot development stage.
Landslides refer to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth
on slopes sliding down along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational
force. Role of surface water and underground water, and destruction of the
stability of slopes by irrational construction work are usually main factors
triggering the landslides. Several damages are often caused by landslides in
open mining, in water conservancy projects, and in the construction of railways
and highways.
Collapse refers to the geological phenomenon of
large mass of rocks or earth suddenly collapsing from the mountain or cliff as
a result of gravitational force. Usually caused by weathering of rocks,
permeance of rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs buildings and blocks
river course or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing large
amount of mud and rocks in mountainnous areas. It is
found mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous topographic
features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute to the
mud-rock flow.
Landslides refer to the geological phenomenon of
unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along certain soft surface as a
result of gravitational force. Role of surface water and underground water, and
destruction of the stability of slopes by irrational construction work are
usually main factors triggering landslides. Severe damages are often caused by
landslides in open mining, in water conservancy projects, and in the
construction of railways and highways.
Land Subside refers to the geological phenomenon of
surface rocks or earth subsiding into holes or pits as a result of natural or
human factors. Land subside can be classified as karst subside and non-karst
subside.
Environment Pollution and Destruction Accidents refer to sudden
accidents, due to economic or social activities that are contrary to
environment protection laws or due to unforeseen factors or natural disasters,
that lead to environment pollution, destruction of protected wild animals,
plants or nature reserves, damage to human health, economic and property
losses, and other negative impacts on the society.
Investment in Environment Pollution Harnessing Projects refers to the
proportion of investment in fixed assets in the total investment in harnessing
pollution and in the construction of urban environment infrastructure
facilities. The investment in harnessing pollution It includes investment in
harnessing sources of industrial pollution and investment in environment
protection facilities designed concurrently with construction projects.
Investment in environment pollution harnessing is the total of investment in
harnessing pollution and investment in urban environment infrastructure
facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Afforestation refers to the
investment in capital construction and updating projects in afforestation
during the reference period.