Explanatory Notes on Main
Statistical Indicators
Territory refers to territorial land, sea and air space under the
administration of a sovereign state.
Climate refers to the natural environmental status formed by the long-time
exchange of energy and mass between the earth and the air, and is the results
of interaction of many factors. Climate is both one of the environment factors
and the important resources for the living and production activities of the
human being. The average values across several years of meteorological factors
such as temperature, rainfall and humidity are used as important parameters to
describe the climate of a region, while the average values (or total values) of
a given year or month of meteorological factors reflect the key characteristics
of climate for that period of time.
Natural
Resources refer to material resources that could be
obtained from the nature by human being and used for production and living.
Natural resources in general can be classified as renewable resources and
non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources that could be
renewed and recycled during a relatively short period of time, including land
resource, water resource, climate resource, biology resource and marine
resource. Non-renewable resources include resources that could not be renewed,
such as minerals and geothermal resource.
Land
Resource Land refers to the surface of the earth,
consisting of mainly rocks and its whethering and
earth. Land resource can be classified, by its utilization, as land for
agriculture, land for construction and unused land. Land for agriculture
includes cultivated land, plantation land, forestland, grassland and waters.
Land for construction includes land for residential purpose, for manufacturing
and mining, for transportation and for water-conservancy projects. Unused land
refers to land other than land for agriculture and construction, including
beaches, deserts,
Area
of Cultivated Land refers to land for the
cultivation of various farm crops, including irrigated land, manual-watered
land, dry land and vegetable land.
Area
of Afforestated Land
refer to land for trees bamboo, bushes and mangrove, including forest-cover
land, bush-covered land, sparse forest land, land planned for afforestation and nurseries of young trees.
Area
of Grassland refers to areas of grassland,
grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate of over 5%
that are used for animal husbandry or harvesting of grass. It includes natural,
cultivated and improved grassland areas.
Forest
Resource refers to forests, trees, forestland and
wild animals, plants and microorganism that live on forest and trees. Trees
include trees and bamboo.
Total
Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock
volume of trees growing in land，including trees in forest， tress in sparse forest, scattered trees and trees planted by the
side of farm houses and along the roads, rivers and fields.
Forest
Area refers to the area of forest land where trees
and bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2，including land of natural woods and planted woods, but excluding
bush land and thin forest land. It reflects the total areas of afforestation．
Stock
Volume of Forest refers to total stock volume of
wood growing in forest area，which shows the total size and level of forest resources of a
Country or a region．It is also an important indicator illustrating the richness of
forest resource and the status of forest ecological environment.
Forest
Coverage Rate refers to the ratio of area of
afforested land to total land area．This indicator shows the forest resources and afforestation
progress of a Country or a region．According to regulations of the government， in addition to afforested land，the area of bush forest, the area
of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees planted by the side of
farm houses and along the roads, rivers and fields should also be included in
the area of afforested land in the calculation of the forest coverage-rate. The
formula for calculating forest coverage rate is as follows：
Forestry coverage rate (%)=
(Area of Afforested Land/Area of
Water
Resource Water exists in the nature in solid,
liquid and gaseous states, is distributed in the ocean, land (including earth)
and air, and constitutes the water resource through the circulation of water.
Water resource includes the surface water and underground water that is controlled
by the human being for irrigation, power-generation, water supply, navigation
and cultivation. It also includes rivers, lakes, wells, springs, tides, gulf and water area for cultivation. Water resource as an
important natural resource is indispensable for the development of the national
economy.
Surface Water and Underground Water. Water on earth can be divided into surface water and underground
water according to its distribution. Surface water refers to moisture exists in
rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, icecaps and so on. It is also called land
water. The underground water refers to water deposited underground in the
cranny and the hole of saturated rock soil and in the water-eroded cave.
Inland
Water Area refers to water area of rivers，lakes，ponds，reservoir，etc．
Volume
of Runoff refers to the total volume of water
running through a certain cross section of a river during a certain period of
time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or a region. The
formula for calculating volume or runoff is as follows：
Runoff
=Precipitation-Evaporation
Mineral
Resources refer to useful minerals that can be used
for industrial or agricultural purposes enriched in lithosphere or on earth due
to the geological process.
Ensured
Mineral Reserves refer to the actual mineral
reserves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves (including industrial
reserves and prospective reserves) minus extracted parts and underground
losses. This indicator shows the current condition of the mineral resources of
a Country．
Temperature refers to the air temperature.
Monthly
average temperature is the summation of average
daily temperature of one month divided by the actual days of that particular
month.
Annual
average temperature is the summation of monthly
average of a year divided by 12 months.
Relative
Humidity refers to the ratio of actual water vapor
pressure to the saturation water vapor density under the current temperature.
The calculation method is the same as that of temperature.
Volume
of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid
state or solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the ground that has
not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off.
Sunshine
Hours refer to the actual hours of sun irradiating
the earth. The calculation method is the same as that of the precipitation.
Total
Water Resources refers to total volume of water
resources measured as run-off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for
groundwater in a given area, excluding transit water.
Surface
Water Resources refers to total renewable resources
which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and
are measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater
Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with
rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated
Measurement Between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater,
i.e. run-off of rivers includes some depletion with groundwater while
groundwater includes some replenishment with surface water.
Water
Supply refers to gross water supply by supply
systems from sources to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface
Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water
supply system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply
from storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs；supply from flow includes
withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows no matter if there are
locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or
lakes with pumping stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies
transferred from first-level regions of water resources or independent river
drainage areas to others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage,
flow and pumping.
Groundwater
Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells,
broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly
brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water mining by
both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other
Water Supply Sources include supplies by waste
water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water projects.
Water
Use refers to gross water use distributed to users,
including loss during transportation, broken down with use by agriculture,
industry, living consumption and biological protection.
Water
Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by
irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing.
Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing includes irrigation of
forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing
pools.
Water
Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water,
excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water
Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for
living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunication and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households
and animals.
Water
Use by Biological Protection includes replenishment
of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste
Water Discharged by Industry refers to the volume
of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises through all their outlets,
including waste water from production process, directly cooled water, groundwater
from mining wells which does not meet discharge standards and sewage from
households mixed with waste water produced by industrial activities, but
excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It should be included if the
discharge is not separated with waste water).
Industrial
Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to
volume of industrial waste water discharge which, with or without treatment,
reaches national or local standards with regard to all pollutants.
Ratio
of Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste water meeting discharge
standards over total industrial waste water discharge. Its calculation formula
is:
Ratio=industrial waste water
meeting discharge standards/total industrial waste water discharge×100%
Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to index of water
pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed by the chemical
breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.
Industrial
Waste Air Emission refers to discharge into atmosphere
of waste air containing pollutants generated from fuel burning and production
process in enterprises within a given period of time. It is converted into
standard (273K, 101325Pa) with the following formula:
Emission=emission from fuel burning+ emission through production process
Industrial
SO2 Emission refers to volume of sulphur dioxide emission from fuel burning and production
process by enterprises during a given period of time. Its calculation formula
is:
Emission=SO2
Emission from fuel burning+ SO2 Emission form production process
Industrial
Soot Emission refers to volume of soot in smoke
emitted in process of fuel burning in premises of enterprises.
Industrial
Dust Emission refers to volume of dust emitted by
production process of enterprises and suspended in the air for a given period
of time, including dust from refractory material of iron and steel works, dust
from coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke plants, dust from
lime kilns and dust from cement production in building material enterprises,
but excluding soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Produced refers to total volume of
solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues produced by industrial
enterprises from production process in a given period of time, including
hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive residues and
other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining (gangue and
acid or alkaline stones not included). A stone is acid or alkaline depending on
the pH value of the water below 4 or above 10.5 when the stone is in, or soaked
by, the water.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Utilized refers to volume of solid
wastes from which useful materials can be extracted or which can be converted
into usable resources, energy or other materials by means of reclamation,
processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks
of industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of such utilizations
include fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information
shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Ratio
of Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to the
percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over industrial solid wastes
produced (including stocks of the previous year). Its calculation formula is:
Ratio = Volume of industrial solid wastes
utilized/(industrial solid wastes produced+stocks
of previous year utilized)×100%
Stocks
of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to volume of
solid wastes placed in special facilities or special sites for purposes of
utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should take measures against
dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Disposed refers to quantity of industrial
solid wastes which are burnt or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the
requirements for environmental protection and not salvaged or recycled
(including disposition in the year of those wastes of previous years). The
disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be conducted for hazardous
wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep underground disposal, backfill
in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial
Solid Wastes Discharged refers to volume of
industrial solid wastes discharged by producing enterprises to disposal
facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones stripped or dug from
mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not included).
Consumption
Wastes Transported refers to volume of consumption
wastes collected and transported to disposal factories or sites. Consumption
wastes are solid wastes produced from urban households or from service
activities for urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and
regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those from households,
commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices,
schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio
of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption
wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as it is difficult
to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is replaced with that
transported. Its calculation formula is:
Ratio=consumption wastes
treated/consumption wastes produced × 100%
Land
for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used
for agriculture production, including land for cultivation, gardening, forests,
herbage and other agriculture activities.
Area
of Man-made Forests refer to the area of stable
growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate of 80%
or higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy density
of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane
planting.
Total
Area of Afforestation
refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation,
including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, “grain for green” land, on which
acres of arbores or bushes are planted through manual planting, airplane
planting, plant seedlings, etc. in accordance with the required density
standards of the Technical Procedures of Afforestation,
and with a survival rate of over 85% in line with the Implementing Rules of the
Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (or a survival rate of 75% in
areas with less that
Timber
Forests refer to forests which is
mainly for the production of timber, including bamboo groves planted to harvest
bamboos.
By-product
Forests refer to forests that mainly produce
fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine
materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark
or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for the
manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung
oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit
trees, etc.
Protection
Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes planted
mainly for protection or preservation purpose, including water resource
conservation forests, water and soil conservation forests, windbreak and
dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, riverside
protection forests, roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel
Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Project
on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number
One ecological project in
Projects
on Converting Cultivated Land to Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green
Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion in key
regions, these projects are ecological construction projects in the development
of forest industry that have the widest coverage and most sophisticated
procedures, with strong policy implications and most active participation of
the people.
Projects
on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in China with a rich variety of contents,
these projects aim at solving the problem of sand and dust in northeastern
China, northern China and northwestern China and the ecological issues in other
areas. More specifically, they include phase IV of project on North China
protection forests, phase II of project on protection forests at the middle and
lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River
and Taihu Lake valley, phase II of project on coastal
protection forests, phase II of project on Pearl River protection forests,
phase II project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and
phase II projects on greenery of plains.
Projects
on Preserving Wild Animals and Plants and on Construction of Nature Reserves aiming at gene preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature
and wetlands, these projects look into the future with strategic perspective
and are integrated with international trends.
Wetlands refer to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made,
permanent or temporary; water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with
fresh or semi-fresh or salty water that is less than 6 metres
deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove,
river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty
bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Nature
Reserves refer to certain areas of land, waters or
sea that are representative in natural ecological systems, or are natural
habitats for rare or endangered wild animals or plants, or water conservation
zones, or the location of important natural or historic relics, which are
demarked by law and put under special protection and management. Nature
reserves are designated by the formal approval of governments at and above
county level (including those approved by relevant departments or
“revolutionary committees” before 1980). Scenic spots and cultural preservation
zones are not included.
Ecological
Demonstration Zones refer to administrative areas
approved by the environment protection agencies of central and provincial
governments and established by provincial, prefecture or county governments in
line with the approved programme for ecological
demonstration zones. They include those evaluated and accepted by the
environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments and those
under pilot development stage.
Landslides refer to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on
slopes sliding down along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational
force. Role of surface water and underground water, and destruction of the
stability of slopes by irrational construction work are usually main factors
triggering the landslides. Several damages are often caused by landslides in
open mining, in water conservancy projects, and in the construction of railways
and highways.
Collapse refers to the geological phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth
suddenly collapsing from the mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational
force. Usually caused by weathering of rocks, permeance
of rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river
course or transport routes.
Mud-rock
Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents
containing large amount of mud and rocks in mountainous areas. It is found
mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous topographic
features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute to the
mud-rock flow.
Environment
Pollution and Destruction Accidents refer to sudden
accidents, due to economic or social activities that are in contrast to
environment protection laws or due to unforeseen factors or natural disasters,
that lead to the environment pollution, the destruction of protected wild
animals, plants or nature reserves, the damage to human health, the economic
and property losses, and the negative impact on the society.
Investment
in Environment Pollution Harnessing Projects refers
to the proportion of investment in fixed assets in the total investment in
harnessing industrial pollution and in the construction of urban environment
infrastructure facilities. It includes investment in harnessing sources of
industrial pollution, investment in environment protection facilities designed
concurrently with construction projects, and investment in urban environment
infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Afforestation refers to the investment in capital construction and updating projects in afforestation during the reference period.