Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Territory refers to territorial
land, sea and air space under the administration of a sovereign state.
Climate refers to the natural environmental status
formed by the long-time exchange of energy and mass between the earth and the
air, and is the results of interaction of many factors. Climate is both one of
the environment factors and the important resources for the living and
production activities of the human being. The average values across several
years of meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall and humidity are
used as important parameters to describe the climate of a region, while the
average values (or total values) of a given year or month of meteorological
factors reflect the key characteristics of climate for that period of time.
Natural Resources refer to material
resources that could be obtained from the nature by human being and used for
production and living. Natural resources in general can be classified as
renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to
resources that could be renewed and recycled during a relatively short period
of time, including land resource, water resource, climate resource, biology
resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources include resources that
could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal resource.
Area of Cultivated Land refers to land for the
cultivation of various farm crops, including irrigated land, manual-watered
land, dry land and vegetable land.
Area of Afforestated
Land
refer to land for trees bamboo, bushes and mangrove, including forest-cover
land, bush-covered land, sparse forest land, land planned for afforestation and nurseries of young trees.
Area of Grassland refers to areas of
grassland, grass-slopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate
of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or harvesting of grass. It
includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland areas.
Forest Resource refers to forests, trees,
forestland and wild animals, plants and microorganism that live on forest and
trees. Trees include trees and bamboo.
Total Standing Stock Volume refers to the total stock
volume of trees growing in land，including trees in forest， tress in sparse forest, scattered trees and trees planted by the side of
farm houses and along the roads, rivers and fields.
Forest Area refers to the area of
forest land where trees and bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2，including land of natural
woods and planted woods, but excluding bush land and thin forest land. It
reflects the total areas of afforestation．
Stock Volume of Forest refers to total stock
volume of wood growing in forest area，which shows the total size and level
of forest resources of a Country or a region．It is also an important indicator
illustrating the richness of forest resource and the status of forest
ecological environment.
Forest Coverage Rate refers to the ratio of
area of afforested land to total land area．This indicator shows the forest
resources and afforestation progress of a Country or
a region．According to regulations
of the government， in addition to afforested land，the area of bush forest, the area of
forest land inside farm land and the area of trees planted by the side of farm
houses and along the roads, rivers and fields should also be included in the
area of afforested land in the calculation of the forest coverage-rate. The
formula for calculating forest coverage rate is as follows：
Forestry
coverage rate (%)= (Area of Afforested Land/Area of
Water Resource Water exists in the nature
in solid, liquid and gaseous states, is distributed in the ocean, land
(including earth) and air, and constitutes the water resource through the
circulation of water. Water resource includes the surface water and underground
water that is controlled by the human being for irrigation, power-generation,
water supply, navigation and cultivation. It also includes rivers, lakes,
wells, springs, tides, gulf and water area for
cultivation. Water resource as an important natural resource is indispensable
for the development of the national economy.
Surface Water and
Underground Water. Water on earth can be divided into surface water and underground
water according to its distribution. Surface water refers to moisture exists in
rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, icecaps and so on. It is also called land
water. The underground water refers to water deposited underground in the
cranny and the hole of saturated rock soil and in the water-eroded cave.
Inland Water Area refers to water area of
rivers，lakes，ponds，reservoir，etc．
Volume of Runoff refers to the total
volume of water running through a certain cross section of a river during a
certain period of time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or
a region. The formula for calculating volume or runoff is as follows：
Runoff
=Precipitation-Evaporation
Mineral Resources refer to useful minerals
that can be used for industrial or agricultural purposes enriched in
lithosphere or on earth due to the geological process.
Ensured Mineral Reserves refer to the actual
mineral reserves, which equal to the proven mineral reserves (including
industrial reserves and prospective reserves) minus extracted parts and
underground losses. This indicator shows the current condition of the mineral
resources of a Country．
Temperature refers to the air
temperature.
Monthly average temperature is the summation of
average daily temperature of one month divided by the actual days of that
particular month.
Annual average temperature is the summation of
monthly average of a year divided by 12 months.
Relative Humidity refers to the ratio of
actual water vapor pressure to the saturation water vapor density under the
current temperature. The calculation method is the same as that of temperature.
Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of
liquid state or solid state (thawed) water falling from the sky to the ground
that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off.
Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours
of sun irradiating the earth. The calculation method is the same as that of the
precipitation.
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of
water resources measured as run-off for surface water from rainfall and
recharge for groundwater in a given area, excluding transit water.
Surface Water Resources refers to total renewable
resources which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from
rainfall and are measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of
aquifers with rainfall and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement Between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange
between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes some
depletion with groundwater while groundwater includes some replenishment with
surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water
supply by supply systems from sources to consumers, including losses during
distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by
surface water supply system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and
transfer. Supply from storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs；supply from flow includes
withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows no matter if there are
locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or
lakes with pumping stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies
transferred from first-level regions of water resources or independent river
drainage areas to others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage,
flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from
supplying wells, broken down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer
freshwater and slightly brackish water. Groundwater supply for urban areas
includes water mining by both waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply Sources include supplies by waste
water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water
projects.
Water Use refers to gross water use
distributed to users, including loss during transportation, broken down with
use by agriculture, industry, living consumption and biological protection.
Water Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by
irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing.
Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing includes irrigation of
forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing
pools.
Water Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals
of water, excluding reuse of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for
living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunication and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households
and animals.
Water Use by Biological Protection includes replenishment of
rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged by Industry refers to the volume of
waste water discharged by industrial enterprises through all their outlets,
including waste water from production process, directly cooled water,
groundwater from mining wells which does not meet discharge standards and
sewage from households mixed with waste water produced by industrial
activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It should be
included if the discharge is not separated with waste water).
Industrial Waste Water Meeting
Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge which,
with or without treatment, reaches national or local standards with regard to
all pollutants.
Ratio of Industrial Waste Water
Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste water meeting
discharge standards over total industrial waste water discharge. Its
calculation formula is:
Ratio=industrial waste water
meeting discharge standards/total industrial waste water discharge×100%
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to index of water
pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed by the chemical
breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.
Industrial Waste Air Emission refers to
discharge into atmosphere of waste air containing pollutants generated from
fuel burning and production process in enterprises within a given period of
time. It is converted into standard (273K, 101325Pa) with the following
formula:
Emission=emission from fuel burning+ emission through production process
Industrial SO2 Emission refers to volume of sulphur dioxide emission from fuel burning and production
process by enterprises during a given period of time. Its calculation formula
is:
Emission=SO2
Emission from fuel burning+ SO2 Emission form production process
Industrial Soot Emission refers to volume of soot
in smoke emitted in process of fuel burning in premises of enterprises.
Industrial Dust Emission refers to volume of dust
emitted by production process of enterprises and suspended in the air for a
given period of time, including dust from refractory material of iron and steel
works, dust from coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke plants,
dust from lime kilns and dust from cement production in building material
enterprises, but excluding soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers to total volume of
solid, semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues produced by industrial
enterprises from production process in a given period of time, including
hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive residues and other
wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining (gangue and acid or
alkaline stones not included). A stone is acid or alkaline depending on the pH
value of the water below 4 or above 10.5 when the stone is in, or soaked by,
the water.
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to volume of solid
wastes from which useful materials can be extracted or which can be converted
into usable resources, energy or other materials by means of reclamation,
processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks
of industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of such utilizations
include fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information
shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Ratio of Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to the
percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over industrial solid wastes
produced (including stocks of the previous year). Its calculation formula is:
Ratio
= Volume of industrial solid wastes utilized/(industrial
solid wastes produced+stocks of previous year
utilized)×100%
Stocks of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to volume of solid
wastes placed in special facilities or special sites for purposes of
utilization or disposal. The sites or facilities should take measures against
dispersion, loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to quantity of
industrial solid wastes which are burnt or placed ultimately in the sites
meeting the requirements for environmental protection and not salvaged or
recycled (including disposition in the year of those wastes of previous years).
The disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be conducted for
hazardous wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep underground disposal,
backfill in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers to volume of
industrial solid wastes discharged by producing enterprises to disposal
facilities or to other sites. The wastes exclude stones stripped or dug from
mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste stones not included).
Consumption Wastes Transported refers to volume of
consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal factories or sites.
Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban households or from
service activities for urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and
regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those from households,
commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices,
schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption Wastes Treated refers to consumption
wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as it is difficult
to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is replaced with that
transported. Its calculation formula is:
Ratio=consumption wastes
treated/consumption wastes produced × 100%
Land for Agriculture Use refers to land directly
used for agriculture production, including land for cultivation, gardening,
forests, herbage and other agriculture activities.
Area of Man-made Forests refer to the area of
stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate
of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy
density of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual planting or 5-7 years of
airplane planting.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area
of land suitable for afforestation, including barren
hills, idle land, sand dunes, “grain for green” land, on which acres of arbores
or bushes are planted through manual planting, airplane planting, plant
seedlings, etc. in accordance with the required density standards of the
Technical Procedures of Afforestation, and with a
survival rate of over 85% in line with the Implementing Rules of the Forest Law
of the People’s Republic of China (or a survival rate of 75% in areas with less
that
Timber Forests refer to forests which is mainly for the production of timber,
including bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly
produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and
medicine materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest the fruits,
leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw materials for
the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung
oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit
trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests, trees
and bushes planted mainly for protection or preservation purpose, including
water resource conservation forests, water and soil conservation forests,
windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture protection forests,
riverside protection forests, roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted
mainly for fuels.
Project on Preservation of Natural
Forests
is the Number One ecological project in
Projects on Converting Cultivated
Land to Forests and Grassland (Grain for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil
erosion in key regions, these projects are ecological construction projects in
the development of forest industry that have the widest coverage and most
sophisticated procedures, with strong policy implications and most active
participation of the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in
North China and Yangtze River Basin covering the widest areas in China
with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the problem of
sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern China and
the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically, they include phase IV
of project on North China protection forests, phase II of project on protection
forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake
valley, phase II of project on coastal protection forests, phase II of project
on Pearl River protection forests, phase II project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II projects on greenery of
plains.
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals
and Plants and on Construction of Nature Reserves aiming at gene preservation and
protection of bio-diversity, nature and wetlands, these projects look into the
future with strategic perspective and are integrated with international trends.
Wetlands refer to marshland and peat bog,
whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered areas,
whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water that is
less than 6 metres deep at low tide; as well as coral
beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water
marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal
areas.
Nature Reserves refer to certain areas of
land, waters or sea that are representative in natural ecological systems, or
are natural habitats for rare or endangered wild animals or plants, or water
conservation zones, or the location of important natural or historic relics,
which are demarked by law and put under special protection and management.
Nature reserves are designated by the formal approval of governments at and
above county level (including those approved by relevant departments or
“revolutionary committees” before 1980). Scenic spots and cultural preservation
zones are not included.
Ecological Demonstration Zones refer to administrative
areas approved by the environment protection agencies of central and provincial
governments and established by provincial, prefecture or county governments in
line with the approved programme for ecological
demonstration zones. They include those evaluated and accepted by the
environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments and those
under pilot development stage.
Landslides refer to the geological
phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along certain
soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface water and
underground water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by irrational
construction work are usually main factors triggering the landslides. Several
damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in water conservancy
projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers to the geological phenomenon
of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly collapsing from the mountain or cliff
as a result of gravitational force. Usually caused by weathering of rocks, permeance of rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs
buildings and blocks river course or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush
of flood torrents containing large amount of mud and rocks in mountainous
areas. It is found mostly in semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous
topographic features, loose soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute
to the mud-rock flow.
Environment Pollution and Destruction
Accidents
refer to sudden accidents, due to economic or social activities that are in
contrast to environment protection laws or due to unforeseen factors or natural
disasters, that lead to the environment pollution, the destruction of protected
wild animals, plants or nature reserves, the damage to human health, the
economic and property losses, and the negative impact on the society.
Investment in Environment Pollution
Harnessing Projects refers to the proportion of investment in fixed assets in
the total investment in harnessing industrial pollution and in the construction
of urban environment infrastructure facilities. It includes investment in
harnessing sources of industrial pollution, investment in environment
protection facilities designed concurrently with construction projects, and
investment in urban environment infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Afforestation refers to the investment in capital construction and
updating projects in afforestation during the
reference period.