Explanatory
Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Total
Water Resources refers to total volume of water resources measured
as run-off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a
given area, excluding transit water.
Surface
Water Resources refers to total renewable resources which exist in
rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors from rainfall and are measured as
run-off of rivers.
Groundwater
Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall
and surface water.
Duplicated
Measurement Between Surface Water and Groundwater refers
to mutual exchange between surface water and groundwater, i.e. run-off of
rivers includes some depletion with groundwater while groundwater includes some
replenishment with surface water.
Water
Supply refers to gross water supply by supply systems
from sources to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface
Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water supply
system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from storage
projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs；supply from flow includes
withdrawals from rivers and lakes with natural flows no matter if there are
locks or not; supply from pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or
lakes with pumping stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies
transferred from first-level regions of water resources or independent river
drainage areas to others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage,
flow and pumping.
Groundwater
Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken
down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish
water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water mining by both
waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other
Water Supply Sources include supplies by waste water
treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water projects.
Water
Use
refers to gross water use distributed to users, including
loss during transportation, broken down with use by agriculture, industry,
living consumption and biological protection.
Water
Use by Agriculture includes uses of water by
irrigation of farming fields and by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing.
Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and fishing includes irrigation of forestry
and orchards, irrigation of grassland and replenishment of fishing pools.
Water
Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding
reuse of water within enterprises.
Water
Use by Living Consumption includes use of water for
living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunication and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households
and animals.
Water
Use by Biological Protection includes replenishment of
rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste
Water Discharged by Industry refers to the volume of waste
water discharged by industrial enterprises through all their outlets, including
waste water from production process, directly cooled water, groundwater from
mining wells which does not meet discharge standards and sewage from households
mixed with waste water produced by industrial activities, but excluding
indirectly cooled water discharged (It should be included if the discharge is
not separated with waste water).
Industrial Waste Water Meeting
Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge
which, with or without treatment, reaches national or local standards with
regard to all pollutants.
Ratio
of Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste water meeting discharge standards
over total industrial waste water discharge. Its calculation formula is:
Ratio=industrial waste water
meeting discharge standards/total industrial waste water discharge×100%
Urban Consumption Waste Water
Discharge
refers
to annual discharge of consumption waste water by urban households. Its calculation
formula is:
Discharge=urban
non-industrial waste water discharge coefficient×urban nonagricultural population×365
COD Generated by Urban Consumption Waster Water refers to chemical oxygen demand generated through the annual annual
discharge of non-industrial waste water by urban households. Its formula is:
COD
Generated=coefficient of COD generated through urban non-industrial waste water
× urban non-agricultrual population ×365
Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) refers
to index of water pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen consumed
by the chemical breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.
Industrial Waste Air Emission refers
to discharge into atmosphere of waste air containing pollutants generated from
fuel burning and production process in enterprises within a given period of
time. It is converted into standard (273K, 101325Pa) with the following
formula:
Emission=emission from fuel burning+ emission through production process
SO2 Emission through Non-industrial and Others is
calculated on the basis of consumption of coal by households and others and
sulphur content of coal with the following formula:
Emission=consumption of coal by households and others × sulphur content of coal × 0.8 × 2
Industrial SO2
Emission refers to volume of sulphur
dioxide emission from fuel burning and production process by enterprises during
a given period of time. Its calculation formula is:
Emission=SO2 Emission
from fuel burning+ SO2 Emission form production process
Industrial Soot Emission refers to volume of soot in smoke
emitted in process of fuel burning in premises of enterprises.
Soot Emission by Consumption and
Others
refers
to net volume of soot emitted by fuel burning from all social and economic
activities and operation of public facilities other than industrial activities.
It is calculated on the basis of coal consumption by households and others.
Industrial
Dust Emission refers to volume of dust emitted by production
process of enterprises and suspended in the air for a given period of time,
including dust from refractory material of iron and steel works, dust from
coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke plants, dust from lime
kilns and dust from cement production in building material enterprises, but excluding
soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers to total volume of solid,
semi-solid and high concentration liquid residues produced by industrial
enterprises from production process in a given period of time, including
hazardous wastes, slag, coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive residues and
other wastes, but excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining (gangue and
acid or alkaline stones not included). A stone is acid or alkaline depending on
the pH value of the water below 4 or above 10.5 when the stone is in, or soaked
by, the water.
Hazardous Wastes refers to those included in the
national hazardous wastes catalogue or specified as any one of the following
properties in the national hazardous wastes identification standards:
explosive, ignitable, oxidizable, toxic, corrosive or liable to cause
infectious diseases or lead to other dangers.
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to volume of solid wastes
from which useful materials can be extracted or which can be converted into
usable resources, energy or other materials by means of reclamation,
processing, recycling and exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks
of industrial solid wastes of the previous year). Examples of such utilizations
include fertilizers, building materials and road materials. The information
shall be collected by the producing units of the wastes.
Ratio of Industrial Solid Wastes
Utilized
refers
to the percentage of industrial solid wastes utilized over industrial solid
wastes produced (including stocks of the previous year). Its calculation
formula is:
Ratio
= Volume of industrial solid wastes utilized/(industrial solid wastes
produced+stocks of previous year utilized)×100%
Stocks of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to volume of solid wastes
placed in special facilities or special sites for purposes of utilization or
disposal. The sites or facilities should take measures against dispersion,
loss, seepage, and air and water contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to quantity of industrial
solid wastes which are burnt or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the
requirements for environmental protection and not salvaged or recycled
(including disposition in the year of those wastes of previous years). The
disposition includes landfill (Safe landfills should be conducted for hazardous
wastes), incineration, containment spaces, deep underground disposal, backfill
in mining pits and disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers to volume of industrial
solid wastes discharged by producing enterprises to disposal facilities or to
other sites. The wastes exclude stones stripped or dug from mining (gangue and
acid or alkaline waste stones not included).
Output
Value of Products Made from Waste Gas, Waste Water and Solid Wastes refers to current value of products with waste gas, waste water and solid
wastes as main materials of production. Products sold and ready to sell shall
be included while those produced for own use shall not be included.
Consumption
Wastes Transported refers to volume of
consumption wastes collected and transported to disposal factories or sites.
Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from urban households or from
service activities for urban households, and solid wastes regarded by laws and
regulations as urban consumption wastes, including those from households,
commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets, public sites, offices,
schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio
of Consumption Wastes Treated refers
to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as
it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is
replaced with that transported. Its calculation formula is:
Ratio=consumption wastes treated/consumption wastes produced × 100%
Land for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used for agriculture production, including land
for cultivation, gardening, forests, herbage and other agriculture activities.
Area of Man-made Forests refer
to the area of stable growing forests, planted manually or by airplanes, with a
survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed number of trees per hectare, or
with a canopy density of or above 0.20 after 3-5 years of manual planting or
5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land suitable for afforestation, including
barren hills, idle land, sand dunes, “grain for green” land, on which acres of
arbores or bushes are planted through manual planting, airplane planting, plant
seedlings, etc. in accordance with the required density standards of the
Technical Procedures of Afforestation, and with a survival rate of over 85% in
line with the Implementing Rules of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of
China (or a survival rate of 75% in areas with less that
Timber Forests refer
to forests which is mainly for the production of timber, including bamboo
groves planted to harvest bamboos.
By-product Forests refer
to forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible oil, beverages, indigents,
raw materials and medicine materials. By-product forests are planted to harvest
the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and consume them as food or raw
materials for the manufacturing industry, such as tea-oil trees, tung oil
trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes, mulberry trees, fruit trees,
etc.
Protection Forests refer
to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for protection or preservation
purpose, including water resource conservation forests, water and soil
conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing forests, farmland and pasture
protection forests, riverside protection forests, roadside protection forests,
etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests
planted mainly for fuels.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One ecological project in
Projects on Converting Cultivated Land to Forests and
Grassland (Grain for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion in key regions, these projects are
ecological construction projects in the development of forest industry that
have the widest coverage and most sophisticated procedures, with strong policy
implications and most active participation of the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze
River Basin covering the widest areas in China with a rich
variety of contents, these projects aim at solving the problem of sand and dust
in northeastern China, northern China and northwestern China and the ecological
issues in other areas. More specifically, they include phase IV of project on
North China protection forests, phase II of project on protection forests at the
middle and lower streams of Yangtze River and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake
valley, phase II of project on coastal protection forests, phase II of project
on Pearl River protection forests, phase II project on greenery of Taihang
Mountain and phase II projects on greenery of plains.
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals and Plants and on
Construction of Nature Reserves aiming at gene
preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature and wetlands, these
projects look into the future with strategic perspective and are integrated
with international trends.
Wetlands refer to marshland and
peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary; water covered
areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or salty water
that is less than 6 metres deep at low tide; as well as coral beach, weed
beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water marshland,
marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal areas.
Nature
Reserves refer to certain areas of land, waters or sea
that are representative in natural ecological systems, or are natural habitats
for rare or endangered wild animals or plants, or water conservation zones, or
the location of important natural or historic relics, which are demarked by law
and put under special protection and management. Nature reserves are designated
by the formal approval of governments at and above county level (including
those approved by relevant departments or “revolutionary committees” before
1980). Scenic spots and cultural preservation zones are not included.
Ecological Demonstration Zones refer to administrative areas approved by the environment protection
agencies of central and provincial governments and established by provincial,
prefecture or county governments in line with the approved programme for
ecological demonstration zones. They include those evaluated and accepted by
the environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments and
those under pilot development stage.
Landslides refer to the geological
phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down along certain
soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface water and
underground water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by irrational
construction work are usually main factors triggering the landslides. Several
damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in water conservancy
projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers to the geological
phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly collapsing from the
mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force. Usually caused by
weathering of rocks, permeance of rain or earthquakes, collapse often destructs
buildings and blocks river course or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing large amount of mud
and rocks in mountainous areas. It is found mostly in semi-arid hills or
plateaus. High and precipitous topographic features, loose soil mass, heavy
rains or melting water contribute to the mud-rock flow.
Environment Pollution and Destruction Accidents refer to sudden accidents, due to economic or social activities that are
in contrast to environment protection laws or due to unforeseen factors or
natural disasters, that lead to the environment pollution, the destruction of
protected wild animals, plants or nature reserves, the damage to human health,
the economic and property losses, and the negative impact on the society.
Investment in Environment Pollution Harnessing Projects refers to the proportion of investment in fixed assets in the total
investment in harnessing industrial pollution and in the construction of urban
environment infrastructure facilities. It includes investment in harnessing
sources of industrial pollution, investment in environment protection
facilities designed concurrently with construction projects, and investment in
urban environment infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Afforestation refers to the investment in capital construction and updating projects in
afforestation during the reference period.
Unspent Capitals from Last Year refer to capitals from the last year that have not been invested in the
fixed assets, including value of materials that have not been used yet, the
value of equipment yet to be installed, as well as cash in hand and bank
deposits.
Completed
Investment during the Year reflecting the actual size of
investment completed during January 1 and December 31 of the reference year,
this indicator is important in estimating investment efficiency and in making
annual analysis of the performance of the national economy.