Explanatory
Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Total Water Resources refers to total volume of water resources measured
as run-off for surface water from rainfall and recharge for groundwater in a
given area, excluding transit water.
Surface Water
Resources refers to total
renewable resources which exist in rivers, lakes, glaciers and other collectors
from rainfall and are measured as run-off of rivers.
Groundwater Resources refers to replenishment of aquifers with rainfall
and surface water.
Duplicated Measurement
Between Surface Water and Groundwater refers to mutual exchange between surface water and
groundwater, i.e. run-off of rivers includes some depletion with groundwater
while groundwater includes some replenishment with surface water.
Water Supply refers to gross water supply by supply systems
from sources to consumers, including losses during distribution.
Surface Water Supply refers to withdrawals by surface water supply
system, broken down with storage, flow, pumping and transfer. Supply from
storage projects includes withdrawals from reservoirs； supply from flow includes withdrawals from rivers and
lakes with natural flows no matter if there are locks or not; supply from
pumping projects includes withdrawals from rivers or lakes with pumping
stations; and supply from transfer refers to water supplies transferred from
first-level regions of water resources or independent river drainage areas to
others, and should not be covered under supplies of storage, flow and pumping.
Groundwater Supply refers to withdrawals from supplying wells, broken
down with shallow layer freshwater, deep layer freshwater and slightly brackish
water. Groundwater supply for urban areas includes water mining by both
waterworks and own wells of enterprises.
Other Water Supply
Sources include supplies by
waste water treatment, rain collection, seawater desalinization and other water
projects.
Water Use refers to gross water use distributed to users,
including loss during transportation, broken down with use by agriculture,
industry, living consumption and biological protection.
Water Use by
Agriculture includes uses of water by irrigation of farming fields and by forestry,
animal husbandry and fishing. Water use by forestry, animal husbandry and
fishing includes irrigation of forestry and orchards, irrigation of grassland
and replenishment of fishing pools.
Water Use by Industry refers to new withdrawals of water, excluding
reuse of water within enterprises.
Water Use by Living
Consumption includes use of water
for living consumption in both urban and rural areas. Urban water use by living
consumption is composed of household use and public use (including services,
commerce, restaurants, cargo transportation, posts, telecommunication and
construction). Rural water use by living consumption includes both households
and animals.
Water Use by
Biological Protection includes replenishment
of rivers and lakes and use for urban environment.
Waste Water Discharged
by Industry refers to the volume
of waste water discharged by industrial enterprises through all their outlets,
including waste water from production process, directly cooled water,
groundwater from mining wells which does not meet discharge standards and
sewage from households mixed with waste water produced by industrial
activities, but excluding indirectly cooled water discharged (It should be
included if the discharge is not separated with waste water).
Waste Water Directly
Discharged into Sea refers to the volume
of waste water directly discharged into sea through outlets of enterprises
situated by sea without going through municipal sewerage networks or any other
intermediates or being affected by any other water bodies.
Industrial Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to volume of industrial waste water discharge
which, with or without treatment, reaches national or local standards.
Ratio of Industrial
Waste Water Meeting Discharge Standards refers to percentage of industrial waste water meeting
discharge standards over total industrial waste water discharge. Its
calculation formula is:
Ratio=industrial waste water
meeting discharge standards/total industrial waste water discharge×100%
Urban Consumption Waste Water Discharge refers to annual discharge of consumption waste water by
urban households. Its calculation formula is:
Discharge=discharge of consumption
wastewater by urban households×urban
nonagricultural population×365
COD Generated by Urban Consumption Waster Water refers to chemical oxygen demand generated by
annual consumption waste water by urban households. Its formula is:
COD Generated=coefficient of COD generated by
annual consumption waste water by urban households ×urban non-agricultrual
population ×365
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
refers to index of water pollution measuring the mass concentration of oxygen
consumed by the chemical breakdown of organic and inorganic matter.
Industrial Waste Air Emission refers to discharge into atmosphere of waste air
containing pollutants generated from fuel burning and production process in
enterprises within a given period of time. It is converted into standard (273K,
101325Pa) with the following formula:
Emission=waste air emission from fuel burning+waste air emission from
production process
SO2 Emission by Consumption and
Others is calculated on the
basis of consumption of coal by households and others and sulphur content of
coal with the following formula:
Emission=consumption of coal by households and others × sulphur content of coal × 0.8 × 2
Industrial SO2 Emission refers to volume of sulphur dioxide emission from fuel
burning and production process in premises of enterprises for a given period of
time. Its calculation formula is:
Emission=SO2 Emission
from fuel burning+ SO2 Emission form production process
Industrial Soot Emission refers to volume of soot in smoke emitted in process of
fuel burning in premises of enterprises.
Soot Emission by Consumption and Others refers to net volume of soot emitted by fuel burning from
all social and economic activities and operation of public facilities other
than industrial activities. It is calculated on the basis of coal consumption
by households and others.
Industrial Dust
Emission refers to volume of
dust emitted by production process of enterprises and suspended in the air for
a given period of time, including dust from refractory material of iron and
steel works, dust from coke-screening systems and sintering machines of coke
plants, dust from lime kilns and dust from cement production in building
material enterprises, but excluding soot and dust emitted from power plants.
Industrial Solid Wastes Produced refers to total volume of solid, semi-solid and high
concentration liquid residues produced by industrial enterprises from
production process in a given period of time, including hazardous wastes, slag,
coal ash, gangue, tailings, radioactive residues and other wastes, but
excluding stones stripped or dug out in mining (gangue and acid or alkaline
stones not included). A stone is acid or alkaline depending on the pH value of
the water below 4 or above 10.5 when the stone is in, or soaked by, the water.
Hazardous Wastes refers to those included in the national hazardous wastes
catalogue or specified as any one of the following properties in the national
hazardous wastes identification standards: explosive, ignitable, oxidizable,
toxic, corrosive or liable to cause infectious diseases or lead to other
dangers.
Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to volume of solid wastes from which useful
materials can be extracted or which can be converted into usable resources,
energy or other materials by means of reclamation, processing, recycling and
exchange (including utilizing in the year the stocks of industrial solid wastes
of the previous year). Examples of such utilizations include fertilizers,
building materials and road materials. The information shall be collected by
the producing units of the wastes.
Ratio of Industrial Solid Wastes Utilized refers to the percentage of industrial solid wastes
utilized over industrial solid wastes produced (including stocks of the
previous year). Its calculation formula is:
Ratio=industrial solid
wastes utilized/(industrial solid wastes produced+stocks of previous year
utilized)×100%
Stocks of Industrial Solid Wastes refers to volume of solid wastes placed in special
facilities or special sites for purposes of utilization or disposal. The sites
or facilities should take measures against dispersion, loss, seepage, and air
and water contamination.
Industrial Solid Wastes Disposed refers to quantity of industrial solid wastes which are
burnt or placed ultimately in the sites meeting the requirements for
environmental protection and not salvaged or recycled (including disposition in
the year of those wastes of previous years). The disposition includes landfill
(Safe landfills should be conducted for hazardous wastes), incineration,
containment spaces, deep underground disposal, backfill in mining pits and
disposal at sea.
Industrial Solid Wastes Discharged refers to volume of industrial solid wastes discharged by
producing enterprises to disposal facilities or to other sites. The wastes
exclude stones stripped or dug from mining (gangue and acid or alkaline waste
stones not included).
Output Value of
Products Made from Waste Gas, Waste Water and Solid Wastes refers current value of products with waste gas,
waste water and solid wastes as main materials of production. Products sold and
ready to sell shall be included while those produced for own use shall not be
included.
Consumption Wastes
Transported refers to volume of consumption wastes collected and transported to
disposal factories or sites. Consumption wastes are solid wastes produced from
urban households or from service activities for urban households, and solid
wastes regarded by laws and regulations as urban consumption wastes, including
those from households, commercial activities, markets, cleaning of streets,
public sites, offices, schools, factories, mining units and other sources.
Ratio of Consumption
Wastes Treated refers
to consumption wastes treated over that produced. In practical statistics, as
it is difficult to estimate, the volume of consumption wastes produced is
replaced with that transported. Its calculation formula is:
Ratio=consumption wastes treated/consumption wastes produced × 100%
Area under Land Survey refers to the total area of land, under the land survey,
within the jurisdiction of the administrative region, including land for
agriculture use, land for construction and unused land.
Land for Agriculture Use refers to land directly used for agriculture production,
including land for cultivation, gardening, forests, herbage and other
agriculture activities.
Cultivated Land at Beginning (End) of the Year refers to total area of
cultivated land within the geographic area of statistical survey at the
beginning (end) of the year.
Increase of Cultivated Land during the Year refers to the
increase of cultivated land during the year as a result of land preparation,
reclamation, new development, adjustment of agriculture structure and other
reasons.
Decrease of Cultivated Land during the Year refers to the decrease of cultivated land during
the year as a result of adjustment of agriculture structure, construction
projects, natural disasters, conversion for ecological purpose, and other
reasons.
Area of Man-made Forests refer to the area of stable growing forests, planted
manually or by airplanes, with a survival rate of 80% or higher of the designed
number of trees per hectare, or with a canopy density of or above 0.20 after
3-5 years of manual planting or 5-7 years of airplane planting.
Total Area of Afforestation refers to the total area of land
suitable for afforestation, including barren hills, idle land, sand dunes,
“grain for green” land, on which acres of arbores or bushes are planted through
manual planting, airplane planting, plant seedlings, etc. in accordance with
the required density standards of the Technical Procedures of Afforestation,
and with a survival rate of over 85% in line with the Implementing Rules of the
Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (or a survival rate of 75% in
areas with less that
Timber Forests refer to forests which is mainly for the production of
timber, including bamboo groves planted to harvest bamboos.
Fast-growing Timber Forests refer to forests intensively planted and managed through
scientific planning to produce fast-growing, high quality timber product. In
these forest bases,
By-product Forests refer to forests that mainly produce fruits, nuts, edible
oil, beverages, indigents, raw materials and medicine materials. By-product
forests are planted to harvest the fruits, leaves, bark or liquid of trees, and
consume them as food or raw materials for the manufacturing industry, such as
tea-oil trees, tung oil trees, walnut trees, camphor trees, tea bushes,
mulberry trees, fruit trees, etc.
Protection Forests refer to forests, trees and bushes planted mainly for
protection or preservation purpose, including water resource conservation
forests, water and soil conservation forests, windbreak and dune-fixing
forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, riverside protection forests,
roadside protection forests, etc.
Fuel Forests refer to forests planted mainly for fuels.
Forests for Special Purpose
refer to
forests planted mainly for national defence, environment protection or
scientific experiments, including national defence forests, experimental
forests, mother-tree forests, environment protection forests, scenery forests,
trees in historical or scenic spots, forests in natural reserves.
Project on Preservation of Natural Forests is the Number One ecological project in
Projects on Converting Cultivated Land to Forests and
Grassland (Grain for Green Projects) aiming at preventing soil erosion in key regions, these
projects are ecological construction projects in the development of forest
industry that have the widest coverage and most sophisticated procedures, with
strong policy implications and most active participation of the people.
Projects on Protection Forests in North China and Yangtze
River Basin covering the widest
areas in China with a rich variety of contents, these projects aim at solving
the problem of sand and dust in northeastern China, northern China and
northwestern China and the ecological issues in other areas. More specifically,
they include phase IV of project on North China protection forests, phase II of
project on protection forests at the middle and lower streams of Yangtze River
and at the Huihe River and Taihu Lake valley, phase II of project on coastal
protection forests, phase II of project on Pearl River protection forests,
phase II project on greenery of Taihang Mountain and phase II projects on
greenery of plains.
Projects on Preserving Wild Animals and Plants and on
Construction of Nature Reserves aiming
at gene preservation and protection of bio-diversity, nature and wetlands,
these projects look into the future with strategic perspective and are
integrated with international trends.
Projects on Fast-growing Timber
Forests Bases in Key Regions
these are
key projects for the forest industry to strengthen its capacity in supplying
more timber and forest by-products.
Wetlands refer
to marshland and peat bog, whether natural or man-made, permanent or temporary;
water covered areas, whether stagnant or flowing, with fresh or semi-fresh or
salty water that is less than 6 metres deep at low tide; as well as coral
beach, weed beach, mud beach, mangrove, river outlet, rivers, fresh-water
marshland, marshland forests, lakes, salty bog and salt lakes along the coastal
areas.
Nature Reserves refer to certain
areas of land, waters or sea that are representative in natural ecological
systems, or are natural habitats for rare or endangered wild animals or plants,
or water conservation zones, or the location of important natural or historic
relics, which are demarked by law and put under special protection and
management. Nature reserves are designated by the formal approval of
governments at and above county level (including those approved by relevant
departments or “revolutionary committees” before 1980). Scenic spots and
cultural preservation zones are not included.
Ecological Demonstration Zones refer to administrative areas approved by the
environment protection agencies of central and provincial governments and
established by provincial, prefecture or county governments in line with the
approved programme for ecological demonstration zones. They include those
evaluated and accepted by the environment protection agencies of central and
provincial governments and those under pilot development stage.
Landslides refer
to the geological phenomenon of unstable rocks and earth on slopes sliding down
along certain soft surface as a result of gravitational force. Role of surface
water and underground water, and destruction of the stability of slopes by
irrational construction work are usually main factors triggering the
landslides. Several damages are often caused by landslides in open mining, in
water conservancy projects, and in the construction of railways and highways.
Collapse refers
to the geological phenomenon of large mass of rocks or earth suddenly
collapsing from the mountain or cliff as a result of gravitational force.
Usually caused by weathering of rocks, permeance of rain or earthquakes,
collapse often destructs buildings and blocks river course or transport routes.
Mud-rock Flow refers to the sudden rush of flood torrents containing
large amount of mud and rocks in mountainous areas. It is found mostly in
semi-arid hills or plateaus. High and precipitous topographic features, loose
soil mass, heavy rains or melting water contribute to the mud-rock flow.
Land Subside refers to the geological
phenomenon of surface rocks or earth subsiding into holes or pits as a result
of natural or human factors. Land subside can be classified as karst subside
and non-karst subside.
Environment Pollution and Destruction Accidents refer to sudden accidents, due to economic or
social activities that are in contrast to environment protection laws or due to
unforeseen factors or natural disasters, that lead to the environment
pollution, the destruction of protected wild animals, plants or nature
reserves, the damage to human health, the economic and property losses, and the
negative impact on the society.
Investment in Environment Pollution Harnessing Projects refers to the proportion of
investment in fixed assets in the total investment in harnessing industrial
pollution and in the construction of urban environment infrastructure
facilities. It includes investment in harnessing sources of industrial
pollution, investment in environment protection facilities designed
concurrently with construction projects, and investment in urban environment
infrastructure facilities.
Investment in Fixed Assets for Silviculture Performance refers to the investment in
capital construction and updating projects in afforestation during the
reference period.
Unspent Capitals from Last Year refer to capitals from the last year that have not
been invested in the fixed assets, including value of materials that have not
been used yet, the value of equipment yet to be installed, as well as cash in
hand and bank deposits.
Completed Investment during the
Year reflecting the actual
size of investment completed during January 1 and December 31 of the reference
year, this indicator is important in estimating investment efficiency and in
making annual analysis of the performance of the national economy.