Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Comparable
Prices refer to prices
that are used to remove the factors of price change in calculating economic
aggregates, so as to facilitate comparison of aggregates over time. Two methods
are used for calculating economic aggregates at comparable prices:
1.Multiplying the output of products by their constant prices of certain year;
2.Deflation of data at current
prices by relevant price index.
Constant
Price refers to the
average price of a given product in certain year, which is used for comparison
of output value over time.As the output value at constant prices removes the
factor of price changes,it reflects the trend of production development over
time.Since 1949,with the changes in general price level,the State Statistical
Bureau has issued nationally unified constant prices five times:the 1952
constant prices for 1949-1957;the 1957 constant prices for 1957-1971; the 1970
constant prices for 1971-1981; the 1980 constant prices for 1981-1990;and the
1990 constant prices have been used since 1991.
Average
Annual Growth Rate Two
methods for calculating average annual growth rate are applied in China,one is
often called level approachor the method of calculating geometric average,which
is derived by comparing the level of the last year of the interval with that of
the beginning year;the other is calledaccumulative approach or algebraic
average or equation method,which is derived by the summation of the actual
figure of each year in the interval divided by the figure in the base year.
Usually the results calculated by the two
methods are fairly close, but they differed sharply when uneven economic
development occurred with striking fluctuations in growth.
The average annual growth rates listed in
this statistical yearbook are calculated by level approach except for the
growth rate of investment in fixed assets. The base years are not listed when
the years are listed for average annual growth rates. For instance,the average
annual growth rate of 43 years since 1949 is listed as average annual growth
rate of 1950-1992 without listing the base year 1949.And the analogy of this is
also the same for the rest of the years.
Registration
Status of Enterprises
Enterprises are classified into 3 categories, namely domestic-funded
enterprises, enterprises with investment from Hong Kong, Macau and
State-owned
Enterprises refer to
non-corporation economic units where the entire assets are owned by the state
and which have registered in accordance with the Regulation of the
Collective-owned
Enterprises refer to
economic units where the assets are owned collectively and which have
registered in accordance with the Regulation of the
Cooperative
Enterprises refer to a
form of collective economic units (enterprises) where capitals come mainly from
employees as their shares, with certain proportion of capital from the outside,
where production is organized on the basis of independent operation,
independent accounting for profits and losses, joint work, democratic
management, and a distribution system that integrates remuneration according to
work with dividend according to capital share.
Joint
Ownership Enterprises
refer to economic units established by two or more corporate enterprises or
corporate institutions of the same or different ownership, through joint
investment on the basis of equality, voluntary participation and mutual
benefits. They include state joint ownership enterprises, collective joint
ownership enterprises, joint state-collective enterprises, other joint
ownership enterprises.
Limited
Liability Corporations
refer to economic units established with investment from 2-50 investors and
registered in accordance with the Regulation of the Peoples Republic of China
on the Management of Registration of Corporations, each investor bearing
limited liability to the corporation depending on its share of investment, and
the corporation bearing liability to its debt to the maximum of its total
assets. Limited liability corporations include exclusive state-funded limited
liability corporations and other limited liability corporations.
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. refer to
economic units registered in accordance with the Regulation of the Peoples
Republic of China on the Management of
Registration of Corporations, with total registered capitals divided
into equal shares and raised through issuing stocks. Each investor bears
limited liability to the corporation depending on the holding of shares, and
the corporation bears liability to its debt to the maximum of its total assets.
Private
Enterprises refer to
profit-making economic units invested and established by natural persons, or
controlled by natural persons using employed labour. Included in this category
are private limited liability corporations, private share-holding corporations
Ltd., private partnership enterprises and private-funded enterprises registered
in accordance with the Corporation Law, Partnership Enterprises Law and Interim
Regulations on Private Enterprises .
Other
Domestic-funded Enterprises
refer to domestic-funded economic units other than those mentioned above.
Joint-venture
Enterprises with Funds from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to enterprises jointly established by
investors from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan with enterprises in the mainland of
China in accordance with the Law of
the Peoples Republic of China on Sino-foreign Joint Venture Enterprises and
other relevant laws, where the share of investment, profits and risks is
stipulated in the contract.
Cooperative
Enterprises with Funds from Hong Kong Macau and Taiwan , established by investors from Hong Kong,
Macau and Taiwan with enterprises in the mainland of China in accordance with
the Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Sino-foreign Cooperative
Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the investment or provision of
facilities, and the share of profits and risks is stipulated in the cooperative
contract.
Enterprises
with Sole (exclusive) Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. with Investment from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan refer to share-holding corporations Ltd.
established with the approval from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic
Relations in line with relevant state regulations, where the share of
investment from Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan businessmen exceeds 25% of the total
registered capital of the corporation. In case the share of investment from
Hong Kong, Macau or
Joint-venture
Enterprises with Foreign Investment refer to enterprises jointly established by foreign
enterprises or foreigners with enterprises in the mainland of
Cooperation
Enterprises with Foreign Investment refer to enterprises jointly established by foreign
enterprises or foreigners with enterprises in the mainland of China in
accordance with the Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Sino-foreign
Cooperative Enterprises and other relevant laws, where the investment or
provision of facilities, and the share of profits and risks is stipulated in
the cooperative contract.
Enterprises
with Sole (exclusive) Foreign Investment refer to enterprises established in the mainland of
Share-holding
Corporations Ltd. with Foreign Investment refer to share-holding corporations Ltd. established
with the approval from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in
line with relevant state regulations, where the share of investment from foreign
investors exceeds 25% of the total registered capital of the corporation. In
case the share of foreign investment is less than 25% of the total registered
capital, the enterprise is to be classified as domestic-funded share-holding
corporation Ltd.
Government
Agencies, Institutions and Social Organizations are classified
into following categories by source of funds and way of management taking
reference of the registration status of enterprises:
(1) Government agencies: include state and
party agencies, classified in principle as “state-owned”. There are exceptions,
such as supply and marketing cooperatives which are classified as “collective”.
(2) Institutions: include institutions of
various types established with the approval by organization and staffing
departments of the government, but exclude institutions where enterprise
management system is introduced. Institutions are further classified as
follows:
(a) Institutions whose main budget is
listed in the government budget appropriations or extra-budget funds, or
allocated from the budget of their competent government agencies. Such
institutions are classified as “state-owned”.
(b) Institutions whose budget mainly comes
from collective units. Such institutions are classified as “collective”.
(c) Institutions other than those mentioned
above whose source of budget is not clear. Such institutions are classified by
way of management.
(3) Social organizations: include social
organizations established with the approval from the Ministry of Civil Affairs,
and organizations that are not covered by social organization management
regulations such as trade unions, women’s federations etc.. Social
organizations are further classified as follows:
(a) Social organizations that are not
covered by social organization management regulations of the Ministry of Civil
Affairs such as trade unions, women’s federations, communist youth leagues,
youth associations, industrial and commerce associations, scientists
associations, overseas Chinese associations, etc., foundations and fund
management organizations established with funds from the state, and social
organizations whose funds mainly come from the budget of their competent
government agencies. Such institutions are classified as “state-owned”.
(b) Social organizations whose budget
mainly comes from collective units. Such institutions are classified as
“collective”.
(c) Social organizations established by
individual or a group of citizens, which are classified as “private”.
(d) Social organizations other than those
mentioned above whose source of budget is not clear. Such organizations are
classified by way of management.